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BIO1130 > Midterm 1 (Part 1) > Flashcards

Midterm 1 (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What were darwins two main insights?

A

Descent with modification and natural slecection

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2
Q

2 types of homology?

A

structural and developmental homology

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3
Q

What is a recent example of natural selection?

A

Peppered moths or mullerian mimicry in motjs

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4
Q

What is Induction?

A

inductive reasoning sources biological hypothesis, but not used to test.

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5
Q

what is a scientific theory?

A

a hypothesis that has survived attempts at fasification (think theory of evolution)

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6
Q

What were darwins evidence for natural selection? (3)

A

Deductive reasoning, organisms are well suited for their environments, artifical selection

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7
Q

The more extrapolation…

A

the lower the inferential strength

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8
Q

What are 3 misconceptions abt evolution?

A

1- is not goal driven nor progressive, no endpoint
2- natural selection not for good of the species, comes from variation not fitness
3- natural selection doesnt make perfection, lacks foresight

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9
Q

4 kinds of knowledge acquisition? MORS

A

Rational (sci. method), Skeptical of hypothesis and evidence, objective (unbiased), methodologically materialistic (no supernatural)

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10
Q

how do fossils prove common descent?

A

demonstrated extinction and that species change, fossils provide evidence of slow change

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11
Q

What are 3 examples of natural selection?

A

Batesian mimicry (butterfly resemble unpalatable species), experimental evolution (temp changhe in prozac), bumpus sparrows (surviving birds differed in traits)

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12
Q

What is the argument of design?

A

says that complex structures of living things , adaptations, evidence of intelligent designer

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13
Q

Descriptive vs Hypothesis testing?

A

D- characterizes patterns, shows how systems behave
H- testing explanations for exsisting patterns

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14
Q

what is biogeography?

A

living species tend to be similar to one geographically nearby, which makes sense due to descent from a common ancestor

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15
Q

4 evidences for common descent?

A

Homology, vestigial structures, fossils, biogeography

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16
Q

what is extrapolation?

A

we assumes studies done on smaller scale correspoind directly to larger system of interest

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17
Q

what is Lamarks theory of evolution?

A

proposed new complex species came from older less complex, occured via inheritence of aqquired characters (continues use or disuse of structures passed to offspring)

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18
Q

what are vestigial structures?

A

remnants of structures that served function in ancestor

19
Q

What did darwin observe in fauna on G islands?

A

collected what he thought were different kinds of birds, turned out to be discint groups of same finch species

20
Q

What did Thomas Malthus say?

A

argued that policies to help the poor are doomed because population growth will outstrip food production

21
Q

what were darwins geological observations?

A

studied geology and found volcanic uplifted rock, elevated land by earthquake, sinking seabeds and coral, belived in uniformitarisam

22
Q

What were some debates against natural selection?

A

no new species produced via artifical selection, precursors of complex organs unlikely to have been advantageuis, earth was thought not to be old enough, general evidence lacking (no studies)

23
Q

what 3 conditions must be met for natural selection?

A

idividuals vary in traits, their ability to survive and reproduce relative to other individuals in population, the trait is heritable and will evolve

24
Q

What is descent with modification?

A

all species related to like individuals evolved from a common ancestor, Linnaeus could classify phylogenic groups because of descent with modification

25
Q

what is homology?

A

similarities in structure despite different function, Darwin said this is because species descend from common ancestor, now defined as similarity due to inheritance from common ancestor

26
Q

what did darwin observe to reject creationsim

A

specices in similar habits were distinct, along w flora and fauna, fossils were similar to similar species

27
Q

Uniformitarism vs catastrophism

A

uni- processes of change we can see (erosion, volcano)
cata- flood of the world

28
Q

defintion of evolution?

A

a change in heritable character in a population over time, populations evolve, individuals do not

29
Q

What is natural selection according to Darwin and Wallace?

A

individuals must compete for resources, and the trait that better enables them to do this create more offspring with the trait

30
Q

sedimentary rock showed what?

A

it showed that erosion occured and world must be old and life exsisted, geologicla changes occured over extended periods of time

31
Q

3 inferences for natural selection?

A

struggle for existence so only portion of population survives, success depends on traits faciliatating it, traits that increase success will be more common

32
Q

what makes a scientific hypothesis

A

must be ruftable/ rejectable, can not be proved 100%

33
Q

Who was alfred russel wallace?

A

observed same theory as darwin, sent records and paper concering evolution to darwin and aksed him to publish, darwin published his work as joint work

34
Q

what is The Origin?

A

darwins book on natural selection, considered to be one of the most influential academic books ever

35
Q

what is inferential strength/ when is it strongest?

A

measures how strongly results support conclusion, strongest in manipulative studies

36
Q

3 steps in summary of scientific method?

A

Falsifiable hypothesis made, deductive predictions tested, statistical inference used

37
Q

What is inference?

A

if predicted pattern is observed/ not observed, then hyp. is supported/ falisified

38
Q

what role did fossils play?

A

fossil records showed extintction, challenges idea that flora and fauna are constant

39
Q

what is statistical hypothesis testing?

A

is a found pattern a random sample variation, or repeatable phenomenon?

40
Q

deduction?

A

logical conclusion from one or more statements, no uncertainty, predicitions must follow deductly from hypothesis

41
Q

what is natural selection?

A

reproductive success of individuals due to differences in phenotype, fitness refers to ability to survive to next generation

42
Q

hypothesis vs. prediction?

A

h- causal explanantion for given patterm
p- statement of what must be observed under specific conditions if hyp. is true

43
Q

observational vs maniuplative study?

A

o- researcher observes and measures but doesnt alter
m- something is changed and compared to control treatement

BIO1130 (9 decks)

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