Midterm 1 (Part 1) Flashcards
What were darwins two main insights?
Descent with modification and natural slecection
2 types of homology?
structural and developmental homology
What is a recent example of natural selection?
Peppered moths or mullerian mimicry in motjs
What is Induction?
inductive reasoning sources biological hypothesis, but not used to test.
what is a scientific theory?
a hypothesis that has survived attempts at fasification (think theory of evolution)
What were darwins evidence for natural selection? (3)
Deductive reasoning, organisms are well suited for their environments, artifical selection
The more extrapolation…
the lower the inferential strength
What are 3 misconceptions abt evolution?
1- is not goal driven nor progressive, no endpoint
2- natural selection not for good of the species, comes from variation not fitness
3- natural selection doesnt make perfection, lacks foresight
4 kinds of knowledge acquisition? MORS
Rational (sci. method), Skeptical of hypothesis and evidence, objective (unbiased), methodologically materialistic (no supernatural)
how do fossils prove common descent?
demonstrated extinction and that species change, fossils provide evidence of slow change
What are 3 examples of natural selection?
Batesian mimicry (butterfly resemble unpalatable species), experimental evolution (temp changhe in prozac), bumpus sparrows (surviving birds differed in traits)
What is the argument of design?
says that complex structures of living things , adaptations, evidence of intelligent designer
Descriptive vs Hypothesis testing?
D- characterizes patterns, shows how systems behave
H- testing explanations for exsisting patterns
what is biogeography?
living species tend to be similar to one geographically nearby, which makes sense due to descent from a common ancestor
4 evidences for common descent?
Homology, vestigial structures, fossils, biogeography
what is extrapolation?
we assumes studies done on smaller scale correspoind directly to larger system of interest
what is Lamarks theory of evolution?
proposed new complex species came from older less complex, occured via inheritence of aqquired characters (continues use or disuse of structures passed to offspring)