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BIO1130 > Midterm 1 (Part 2) > Flashcards

Midterm 1 (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is negative frequency dependance?

A

directional selection for a phenotype is stronger when the phenotype is less common, this is one form of balancing selection

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2
Q

What traits are needed for natural selection to occur

A

individuals vary in a trait, there is association between trait and success, trait is heritable

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3
Q

What is inbreeding avoidance?

A

Kin recongnition, dispersal, delayed maturation, self-incompatability , etc

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4
Q

What are Mendels 3 laws?

A

Law of segregation: 2 allelles for each gene per gamete
Law of indep. assort.: inheritance of one gene doesnt affect inheritence of the other
Law of dominat: one allele is dominant and expressend

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5
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

finite populations are subject to random changes in allele frequencies across generations due to chance , occurs due to sampling variation

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6
Q

What is germ plasm theory?

A

proposed that genetic info tramistted by germ cells in gonads, all other cells dont transit genetic info

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7
Q

Impacts of mutations?

A

delterious (reduce fitness) or beneficial, can be neutral which creates neutral genetic variation in a population

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8
Q

A cross between monohybrids…

A

monohybrid cross (between hetero. individuals)

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9
Q

Why is there inbreeding in agriculture?

A

so genetic variation is lost and a single genotype is fixed

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10
Q

What is relative fitness

A

individuals contribution to next generation relative to that of other individuals

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11
Q

What can cause inbreeding depression? (2)

A

dominance hypo- deletrious alleles tend to be recessive
heterozygote advantage- some hetero have higher fitness that homozygote

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12
Q

6 HW assumptions?

A

Dipliod locus reproduce sexually, random mating, no nat. selection, no mutattion, no migration, no genetic drift

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13
Q

What is a population bottleneck?

A

rapid decrease in pop size which reduces variation and enhances genetic drift

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14
Q

What does it mean if allele has a plus?

A

more common and likely dominant

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15
Q

How does quantitative variation arise?

A

many loci can affect the trait, enviroment also affects expression of the trait

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16
Q

what is outbreeding?

A

mating between individuals who are less related than would be expected by random mating, increases heterozygosity, increase in fitness over non outbred individuals (heterosis)

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17
Q

What does inbreeding cause?

A

increase in frequency of homozygotes across genome, deviation from HW, decrease in fitness called inbreeding depression

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18
Q

What makes a event independant?

A

outcome of one has no affect in outcome of other

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19
Q

2 features of HW principle?

A

1- certain conditions, there is a predictable relationship between allele and genotype frequencies in a population
2- Medilian inheritence does not alter allekle frequencies in abscene of evolutionary processes

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20
Q

preservation of genetic variation?

A

from mutation, by balancing selection, mutation drift slection balance, spatial variation

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21
Q

what is positive frequency dependence

A

direction selection for phenotype stregthens as phenotype becomes more common

22
Q

what is a population?

A

group of individuals that live in same area and interbreed

23
Q

What did mendel propose?

A

a model where heredity was controlled by factirs, each individual gets one factor from their parent- factors now known as genes, was partially correct

24
Q

4 issues with mendels laws?

A

complete dominance is far from universal, allelles dont always segregate equally (50:50), assortment of alleles at one locus is not independant o fother locuses, inheritence patters are more complex

25
Q

Biometricians vs Mendelians:

A

B- continous traits, thought evolution happened slowly with no large jumps
M- discrete traits, thought sudden dramatic changes in phenotype occured (saltationism)

26
Q

phenotype vs genotype?

A

P- quantifiable character of organism (color, size)
G-makeup of alleles it carries (PP, Pp, pp)

27
Q

Why is mating often non-random?

A

relatives mate more or less often (inbreeding/outbreeeding), self fertilization, may mate with ppl more or less similar by chance

28
Q

What is blending inheritance?

A

Phenotypes in offspring are average of parents, was argued this is ineffective because variation is lost

29
Q

what is local adaption

A

Population adapts to local environment, gene flow can hinder as it causes outbreeding depression

30
Q

What is a founder event?

A

small group colonizes new geographic area

31
Q

the probability of recombination between two loci…

A

Increases as the distance between them increases

32
Q

What does natural selection act on?

A

Acts on phenotypes

33
Q

Who is August Weismann?

A

evolutionary theorist, not a creationist, agaist lamarks thoeries, developed germ plasm theory

34
Q

What is random mating?

A

mate randomly with respect to the genotype at locus of interest, sometimes called panmixia

35
Q

Mutpilcation rule?

A

Pr (A & B)= Pr(A) X Pr(B)

36
Q

what are three forms of selection

A

linear/ directional, stabalizing, disruptive

37
Q

Micro vs macro evolution?

A

change in allele frequency over short periods of time compared to long periods across generations

38
Q

What contributes to fitness?

A

survivorship, fecundity, mating success

39
Q

What is co dominance/ partial dominance

A

partial (pink flower)
co (white and red flower)

40
Q

What are alleles and locus/ loci?

A

L- specific location on chromosone
A- unique variation of gene

41
Q

What are effects of genetic drift?

A

causes random change in allele frequency across generations, reduces variation because alleles are lost, causes populations to diverge

42
Q

What was mendels work?

A

Used peas, worked with discrete varaibles and used true breeding, crossed P generation to make F1

43
Q

What is the HW equation?

A

p^2 + 2pq +q^2 =1

44
Q

As the number of loci increases…

A

phenotypic variation becomes finley graded (skin colors)

45
Q

Ex. of small/large scale mutations

A

Substitutions, intersetion, deletion, or large scale like translocations, chromosne loss or gain

46
Q

Parts of germ plasm theory?

A

germ cells produce somotic cells, germ cell not disposable, in plants corals and sponges soma produce germ cells and if mutation occurs it affects all future cells

47
Q

What is gene flow

A

migration, movement of alleles between populations , greater than affects of mutation because is more frequent

48
Q

Addition rule?

A

Pr (A + B)= Pr(A) + Pr(B) for only one outcome

49
Q

What is a mutation?

A

change in genetic info, arises from errors during DNA replication, ultimate source of genetic variation, random in occurrence

50
Q

What is a gene pool

A

All copies of each allele at given locus

BIO1130 (9 decks)

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