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Perception > Midterm 2: Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Midterm 2: Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The visual signals from both eyes leave the back of the eye in the optic nerve and meet at a location called?

A

Optic Chiasm

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2
Q

Where do some of the fibers cross to the opposite side of the brain from the eye they came from?

A

Optic chiasm

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3
Q

What does it mean by the brain is contralateral?

A

Each hemisphere of the brain responds to the opposite side of visual field

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4
Q

Anything to the right of the point of central focus is the _________ visual field.

A

right

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5
Q

Anything to the left of the point of central focus is the _________ visual field.

A

Left

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6
Q

Which hemisphere is the right visual field processed by?

A

Left hemisphere

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7
Q

Which hemisphere is the left visual field processed by?

A

Right hemisphere

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8
Q

True or false? Both eyes cannot see both visual fields

A

FALSE; both eyes CAN see both visual fields

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9
Q

Where do 90% of signals from the retina proceed to?

A

LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus)

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10
Q

Where do 10% of signals from the retina proceed to?

A

Superior colliculus

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11
Q

a structure in the thalamus that relays visual information from the retina to the primary visual cortex
- receives more signals from the cortex than from the retina.

A

LGN

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12
Q
  • involved in controlling eye movements
  • a midbrain structure that integrates sensory information to help orient the head and eyes toward stimuli.
A

Superior colliculus

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13
Q
  • Backward flow of information
  • involved in. regulation of info flow, the idea that the info the LGN recieves back from the brain may play a role in determining which info is sent up to the brain.
A

Feedback

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14
Q

The occipital lobe; the place where signals from the retina and LGN first reach the cortex.

A

Visual receiving area/ V1/ Striate Cortex

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15
Q

Explain pathway of the eye

A

Signals leave the eye and cross at the optic chiasm, make a stop in the LGN, and then proceed to the visual cortex.

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16
Q
  • cells with side-by-side receptive fields
  • respond to bars, but to bars of particular orientations
  • respond to small spots of light or to stationary stimuli
A

Simple cortical cells

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17
Q
  • Determined by measuring the responses of a simple cortical cell to bars with different orientations.
  • The relationship between orientation and firing is indicated by this.
A

Orientation Tuning Curve

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18
Q
  • Respond best to bars of a particular orientation
  • respond only when a correctly oriented bar of light moves across the entire receptive field.
A

Complex cells

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19
Q
  • Fires to moving lines of a specific length or to moving corners or angles.
  • respond best to bars of a certain length that are moving in a particular direction.
A

End-stopped cells/ feature detectors

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20
Q

What responds best to spots of light?

A

Retinal ganglion cells

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21
Q

Center-surround receptive field. Responds best to small spots but will also respond to other stimuli.

A

Ganglion cell

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22
Q

Center-surround receptive fields are very similar to the receptive field of a ganglion cell.

A

LGN

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23
Q

Excitatory and inhibitory areas arranged side by side. Responds best to bars of a particular orientation.

A

Simple cortical cell

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24
Q

Responds best to the movement of a correctly oriented bar across the receptive field. Many cells respond best to a particular direction of movement.

A

Complex cortical cells

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25
Q

Responds to corners, angles, or bars of a particular length moving in a particular direction.

A

End-stopped cortical cells

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26
Q

What happens when we view a stimulus with a specific property?

A

Neurons tuned to that property fire.

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27
Q

Firing causes neurons to eventually become fatigued or adapt
1. the neuron’s firing rate decreases
2. the neuron fires less when that stimulus is immediately presented again.

A

Selective Adaption

28
Q

Why is adaption selective?

A

because only the neurons that were responding to verticals or near-verticals adapt, and neurons that were not firing do not adapt.

29
Q

The minimum intensity difference between two adjacent bars that can just be detected.

A

Grating’s contrast threshold

30
Q
  1. measure a person’s contrast threshold to gratings with a number of different orientations
  2. Adapt the person to one orientation by having the person view a high-contrast adapting stimulus for a minute or two.
  3. Remeasure the contrast of all the test stimuli presented in step 1.
A

How to measure the effect of selective adaption to orientation.

31
Q

If an animal is reared in an environment that contains only certain types of stimuli; then neurons that respond to these stimuli will become more prevalent.
- a long-term effect

A

Selective Rearing

32
Q

The idea that the response properties of neurons can be shaped by perceptual experience
- rearing an animal in an environment that contains only vertical lines should result in the animal’s visual cortex having simple cells that respond predominantly to verticals.

A

Neural plasticity

33
Q

found that the cat’s vision appeared significantly impaired when the cats were placed in a furnished room. They could not detect edges or objects oriented in the opposite direction than that they had previously been exposed to, amongst other visual impairments.

A

Blakemore and Cooper

34
Q

Electronic map of the retina on the cortex. It involves using two coordinates, eccentricity and polar angle, to identify the representation of a location in the visual field on the cortex.

A

Retinotopic map

35
Q

Why is the spacing of locations off in a person’s retinotopic map?

A

The spatial representation of the visual scene on the cortex is distorted, with more space being allocated to locations near the fovea than to locations in the peripheral retina.

36
Q

Apportioning of a large area on the cortex to the small fovea is called?

A

cortical magnification

37
Q

Striate cortex is organized into _________ _________ that are perpendicular to the surface of the cortex.

A

Location columns

38
Q

Why are location columns used?

A

so that all of the neurons within a location column have their receptive fields at the same location on the retina.

39
Q

What did Hubel and Wiesel discover with their electrode experiment? (2 things)

A
  • Neurons along this track had receptive fields with the same location on the retina, but these neurons all preferred stimuli with the same orientation.
  • Adjacent orientation columns have cells with slightly different preferred orientations.
40
Q

Cortex is organized into ___________ ___________, with each column containing cells that respond best to a particular orientation.

A

Orientation columns

41
Q

What is the size of one location column?

A

1-mm

42
Q
  • A location column with all of its orientation columns
  • recieves info about all possible orientations that fall within a small area of the retina.
A

Hypercolumn

43
Q

Columns covering the entire visual field

A

Tiling

44
Q

Where the visual signal proceeds to after the V1; areas known as V2, V3, V4, and V5.

A

Extrastriate cortex

45
Q

Refers to the destruction or removal of tissue in the nervous system.

A

Ablation

46
Q
  • a task that involves distinguishing between two objects, often by identifying the difference between them.
  • the monkeys are presented with an unfamiliar object. They are then presented with this object and a new object. The monkeys task is to pick the newer object showing that they recognize the original object. If they choose the correct object they are rewarded.
A

Object Discrimination Problem

47
Q
  • a task that assesses an animal’s ability to use spatial information to find a target by using a landmark as a reference
  • The monkey’s task was to remove the cover of the food well that was closest to the “landmark” (a tall cylinder)
A

Landmark Discrimination Problem

48
Q

After the ablation of their temporal lobe, was object discrimination easier or harder to perform?

A

Harder

49
Q

The pathway that reaches the temporal lobes is responsible for?

A

Determining an object’s identity.

50
Q

Striate cortex to the temporal lobe

A

“What” pathway

51
Q

The pathway that leads to the parietal lobe is responsible for?

A

Determining an object’s location

52
Q

Pathway leading from the striate cortex to the parietal lobe

A

“Where” pathway

53
Q

The “what” pathway

A

Ventral pathway

54
Q

The “where” pathway

A

Dorsal pathway

55
Q

Refers to the back or upper surface of the brain

A

Dorsal

56
Q

Refers to the lower part of the brain

A

Ventral

57
Q

Where can the cortical ventral and dorsal streams be traced back?

A

back to the retina and LGN.

58
Q

What did Milner and Goodale propose about the dorsal stream?

A

Dorsal stream is for taking action, such as picking up an object.

59
Q

The _________ stream provides information about “how” to direct action with regard to a stimulus.

A

Dorsal

60
Q

How can we understand the effects of brain damage?

A

By determining double dissociations.

61
Q

Involves 2 people: one person has damage to one area of the brain, causes function A to be absent while function B is present. In the other person, damage to another area of the brain causes function B to be absent while function A is present.

A

Double Dissociation

62
Q

What is the dorsal pathway?

A

The “how” pathway/ “action” pathway

63
Q
  • area in the temporal lobe
  • a large part of the visual cortex in the brain that’s responsible for recognizing objects, faces, and scenes
A

Inferotemporal (IT) cortex

64
Q

Why are neurons at the apex of the “what” stream in the IT cortex have the largest receptive fields?

A

There’s a receptive field size that continues through the “what” stream.

65
Q

An area associated with forming and storing memories.

A

Hippocampus

66
Q

Effect of stimulating outside the receptive field

A

Contextual modulation

Perception (11 decks)

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