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Perception > Midterm 1: Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Midterm 1: Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Focuses on identifying information in the retinal image that is correlated with depth.

A

Cue approach to depth perception

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2
Q

monocular depth cue where one object in front of another

A

Occlusion

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3
Q

Cues based on our ability to sense the position of our eyes and the tension in our eye muscles.

A

Oculomotor

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4
Q

Cues based on the visual info available within one eye.

A

Monocular

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5
Q

Cues that depend on visual info within both eyes.

A

Binocular

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6
Q

How are oculomotor cues created?

A

convergence and accommodation

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7
Q

The inward movement of the eyes that occurs when we look at nearby objects

A

Convergence

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8
Q

The change in the shape of the lens that occurs when we focus on objects at various distances.

A

Accommodation

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9
Q

At what distance are convergence and accommodation most useful?

A

when an object is close; they are useful up to a distance of about arm’s length.

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10
Q

A type of cue that uses accommodation, pictorial cues, and movement cues?

A

Monocular

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11
Q

sources of depth info that can be depicted in a picture (2-D).

A

Pictorial cues

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12
Q

Sources of depth info created by movement.

A

Movement-based cues

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13
Q

Types of Monocular Cues

A

Pictorial: occlusion, relative height, familiar and relative size, perspective convergence, perspective, texture gradient, shadows
Motion-produced: motion parallax, deletion, and accretion.

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14
Q

Occurs when one object hides or partially hides another from view. The partially hidden object is seen as being farther away.

A

Occlusion

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15
Q

The height in the photo’s frame corresponds to the height in our field of view, and objects that are higher in the field of view are usually farther away.

A

Relative Height

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16
Q

Objects with their bases closer to the horizon are usually seen as being more distant.

A

Relative Height

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17
Q

When we judge distance based on our prior knowledge of the sizes of objects.

A

Familiar Size

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18
Q

When two objects are known to be of equal physical size, the one that is farther away will take up less of your field of view than the one that is closer.

A

Relative Size

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19
Q

Parallel lines appear to meet at a single point in the distance, also known as the vanishing point. This further enhances the perception of depth through the cue of relative size.

A

Perspective Convergence

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20
Q

This occurs because the farther away objects is, the more air and particles we have to look through so that distant objects appear less sharp than nearer objects and sometimes have a slight blue tint

A

Atmospheric Perspective

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21
Q

Why do farther objects look bluer?

A

Scattered light gives the sky its blue tint and is scattered between us and the object we are looking at.

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22
Q

elements are seen as being spaced more closely being perceived as farther.

A

Texture Gradient

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23
Q

Decreases in light intensity are caused by the blockage of light, can provide info regarding the locations of objects. It also enhances the three-dimensionality of objects.

A

Shadows

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24
Q

As we move, nearby objects appear to glide rapidly past us, but more distant objects appear to move more slowly

A

Motion Parallax

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25
Q

How do animals use motion parallax?

A

before jumping out toward an object such as prey, locusts move their body from side to side to create a movement of its head to generate motion parallax signals that indicate the distance of their target.

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26
Q

Some things become covered, and others become uncovered.

A

Deletion and Accretion

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27
Q

When is relative height most useful?

A

When objects are on a flat plane and we can see where they touch the ground.

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28
Q

When are shadows most useful?

A

if the scene is illuminated at an angle.

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29
Q

When is familial size most helpful?

A

If we have prior knowledge of the object’s size.

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30
Q

What monocular cues work best at a close distance?

A

accommodation and convergence

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31
Q

What monocular cues work best at medium distances?

A

motion parallax, deletion, accretion.

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32
Q

What monocular cue works at all distances?

A

Occlusion

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32
Q

depth perception created by input from both eyes.

A

Stereoscopic Depth Perception

32
Q

What monocular cues work best at long distances?

A

atmospheric perspective, relative height, and texture gradient.

33
Q

Misalignment of the eyes: the visual system suppresses vision in one of the eyes to avoid double vision.

A

Strabismus

34
Q

The difference in the images on the left and right retinals: is the basis of stereoscopic vision.

A

Binocular Disparity

35
Q

3-D movies add _____________ to create the effects.

A

Stereoscopic Depth Perception

36
Q

Points on the retina that would overlap if the eyes were superimposed on each other

A

Corresponding retinal points

37
Q

A line or surface containing all those points in space whose images fall on corresponding points of the retinas of the two eyes

A

Horopter

38
Q

The images of objects that are not on the horopter fall on what?

A

non-corresponding points

39
Q

The degree to which an image deviates from falling on corresponding points

A

Absolute Disparity

40
Q

The amount of absolute disparity; the angle between the corresponding point on the right eye for the left-eye image of the object and the actual location of the image on the right eye.

A

Angle of Disparity

41
Q

The pattern of disparity where the left eye sees an object to the right of the observer’s fixation and the right eyes sees the same object to the left of the fixation point

A

Crossed Disparity

42
Q

When does crossed disparity occur?

A

Whenever an object is closer to the observer than where the observer is looking

43
Q

The pattern of disparity where the left eye sees an object to the left of the observer’s fixation point and the right eyes sees that same object to the right of the fixation point.

A

Uncrossed Disparity

44
Q

When does uncrossed disparity occur?

A

Whenever an object is behind the horopter.

45
Q

The angle of disparity is ___________ for objects at greater distances from the horopter.

A

Greater

46
Q

Difference in depth between two objects in space when there are multiple depth planes in an image. Related to how we judge the distance between two objects.

A

Relative Disparity

47
Q

The impression of depth that results from information provided by binocular disparity.

A

Stereopsis

48
Q

A 3D image pops out from what appears to be a sheet of random dots. The dots are arranged in repeating pattern, with slight differences in each repetition. Each eye sees a slightly different pattern because of the different angles between the page and each eye. Your brain tries to overlap the two patterns, and creates the virtual 3D object.

A

Random dot stereogram

49
Q

How the visual system determines which object’s image in one eye matches the same object’s image in the other eye.

A

The Correspondence Problem

50
Q

Uses two lenses to focus the left image on the left eye and the right image on the right eye.

A

Stereoscope

51
Q

Why do people think the random dot stereogram is a problem?

A

the switching their gaze back and forth between 2 pictures and comparing small areas of the pictures one after another.

52
Q

Neurons in the visual cortex that respond to the difference in images between the two eyes.

A

Disparity selective cells

53
Q

A plot that shows how neurons respond to different stimulus disparities. The shape of the curve is determined by the relationship between the receptive fields of the left and right eye.

A

Disparity tuning curve

54
Q

What are frontal eyes and what type of animals have them?

A

They result in overlapping fields of view, can use disparity to perceive depth. Monkeys, cats, and humans.

55
Q

What are lateral eyes and what type of animals have them?

A

They have much less overlap and can use disparity only in the small area of overlap to perceive depth.

56
Q

How is motion parallax important for bugs?

A

it’s their method of judging distance, and they use it in a number of different ways.

57
Q

Sonar works by sending out pulses of sound and using info contained in the echoes of this sound to determine the location of objects.

A

Echolocation

58
Q

The observer’s task on each trial was to adjust the diameter of the comparison circle in the left corridor to match his or her perception of the sizes of the various test circles presented in the right corridor.

A

Holway and Boring Experiment

59
Q

The angle of an object relative to the observer’s eye; tells how large the object will be on the back of the eye.

A

Visual angle

60
Q

In the Holway and Boring Experiment, how did they eliminate binocular disparity?

A

by having the observer view test circles with one eye.

61
Q

In the Holway and Boring Experiment, how did they eliminate motion parallax?

A

had the observer view test circles through a peephole.

62
Q

In the Holway and Boring Experiment, how did they eliminate shadows and reflections?

A

By adding drapes to the hallway.

63
Q

What does the Holway and Boring Experiment indicate?

A

Size estimation is based on the actual size of objects when there is good depth info, but that size estimation is strongly influenced by the object’s visual angle when depth info is eliminated.

64
Q

Perception of an object’s size is relatively constant even when we view the object from different distances

A

Size Constancy

65
Q

The process of perceiving the size of an object in relation to how far away it is

A

Size-distance scaling

66
Q

The farther away an afterimage appears, the larger it will seem.

A

Emmert’s law

67
Q

What is one source of info for size perception?

A

Relative Size

68
Q

Where two alternating scenes appear similar even though there are differences between them.

A

Change blindness

69
Q

A theory that explains the Müller-Lyer illusion as a result of the visual system misinterpreting the distance of lines from the observer

A

Misapplied Size Consistency scaling

70
Q

Illusion where the right vertical line appears to be longer than the left vertical line, even though they are both exactly the same length.

A

The Muller-Lyer Illusion

71
Q

In the Muller-Lyer Illusion, why do the lines seem to be different sizes?

A

the arrows on the right line make this line look like part of the inside corner of a room, and the arrows on the other (left) line look like a part of a corner viewed from the outside.

72
Q

States that our perception of line length depends on two cues: 1) the actual length of the vertical lines and 2) the overall length of the figure.

A

Conflicting Cues Theory

73
Q

Illusion where the animals are the same size and have the same visual angle, but the one on top appears longer.

A

The Ponzo Illusion

74
Q

In the Ponzo Illusion, why does the top animal appear bigger?

A

The depth info provided by the converging railroad tracks makes the top animal appear farther away.

75
Q

Illusion that causes two people of equal size appear very different in size. The construction of the room causes the person on the right to have a much smaller visual angles than the person on the left.

A

The Ames Room

76
Q

Illusion of when the moon is on the horizon, it appears much larger than when it is high in the sky.

A

Moon Illusion

77
Q

In the moon Illusion, why is the moon perceived to be bigger on the horizon?

A

The apparent distance theory: The moon on the horizon appears more distant because it is viewed across the filled space of the terrain, which contains depth info.

78
Q

How does the moon appear when it is in the sky?

A

It appears less distant because it is viewed through empty space, which contains little depth info.

79
Q

Another theory of the moon Illusion that proposed that the high-in-the-sky moon appears smaller because the large expanse of sky surrounding it makes it appear smaller by comparison.

A

Angular Size Contrast Theory

80
Q

What is one requirement for the operation of binocular disparity?

A

Eyes must be able to binocularly fixate so that the two eyes are both looking directly at the object and the two foveas are directed to exactly the same place.

Perception (11 decks)

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