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Perception > Final: Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Final: Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What happened to Ian Waterman?

A

As a result of an autoimmune reaction that destroyed most of the neurons that transmitted signals from his skin, joints, tendons, and muscles to his brain, he lost the ability to feel skin sensations, so he couldn’t feel his body when lying in bed.

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2
Q

What are the parts of the somatosensory system?

A
  1. cutaneous senses
  2. proprioception
  3. kinesthesis
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3
Q

responsible for perceptions such as touch and pain that are usually caused by stimulation of the skin

A

Cutaneous senses

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4
Q

the ability to sense the position of the body and limbs

A

Proprioception

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5
Q

the ability to sense the movement of the body and limbs

A

Kinesthesis

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6
Q

What is the heaviest organ in the human body?

A

Skin

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7
Q

What is on the surface of the skin?

A

A layer of tough dead skin cells

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8
Q

Layer of dead cells is part of the outer layer of skin

A

Epidermis

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9
Q

What is the layer under the epidermis?

A

the Dermis

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10
Q

Receptors within the skin that respond to mechanical stimulation, such as pressure, stretching, and vibration

A

mechanoreceptors

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11
Q

Where are mechanoreceptors located?

A

epidermis and dermis

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12
Q

What are the four types of mechanoreceptors?

A

merkels disks, meissners corpuscles, ruffini endings, Pacinian corpuscles

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13
Q

What two mechanoreceptors are located close to the surface of the skin, near the epidermis?

A

Merkel receptor and the Meissner corpuscles

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14
Q

Why do Merkel receptors and the Meissner corpuscles have small receptive fields?

A

Because they are located close to the surface

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15
Q

The area of skin which, when stimulated, influences the firing of the neuron

A

Cutaneous receptive field

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16
Q

What type of fiber is merkel receptors? why?

A

Slowly adapting (SA1) fiber; because the nerve fiber associated with the slowly adapting Merkel receptor fires continuously as long as the stimulus is on

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17
Q

What type of fiber is Meissner corpuscles? why?

A

Rapidly adapting (RA1) fiber; because the nerve fiber associated with the rapidly adapting meissner corpuscle fires only when the stimulus is first applied and when it is removed.

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18
Q

What type of fiber is Ruffini cylinders?

A

slowly adapting (SA2) fiber; which responds continuously to stimulation

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19
Q

What type of fiber is Pacinian corpuscles?

A

rapidly adapting (RA2) fiber; which responds when the stimulus is applied or removed

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20
Q

Why do Ruffini cylinders and Pacinian corpuscles have larger receptive fields?

A

they are both located deep in the skin

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21
Q

Where are cutaneous receptors in the skin located?

A

They are distributed over the whole body

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22
Q

Through what structure does the spinal cord receive signals?

A

through a bundle of fibers called the dorsal root

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23
Q

What happens after the signals enter the spinal cord?

A

Nerve fibers transmit them to the brain along two major pathways: the medial lemniscal pathway and the spinothalamic pathway

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24
Q

Has large fibers that carry signals related to sensing the positions of the limbs (proprioception) and perceiving touch.

A

medial lemniscal pathway

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25
Q

What do large fibers in the medial lemniscal pathway help with?

A

They transmit signals at high speeds, which is important for and reacting to touch.

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26
Q

Consists of smaller fibers that transmit signals related to temperature and pain

A

spinothalamic pathway

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27
Q

Describe Ian Waterman in the sense of pathways

A

He lost the ability to feel touch and to sense the positions of his limbs (lemniscal pathway), but he was still able to sense pain and temperature (spinothalamic pathway)

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28
Q

Is the signals in the spinal cord pathways contralateral or ipsilateral?

A

Contralateral: signals in the spinal cord have crossed over to the opposite side of the body, signals originating from the left side of the body reach the thalamus in the right hemisphere of the brain, and signals from the right side of the right side of the body reach the left hemisphere.

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29
Q

What are the two areas that receive signals from the thalamus?

A

primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in the parietal lobe and the secondary somatosensory cortex (S2)

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30
Q

suggested that the seizures reflected the spread of neural activity across maps in the motor area of the brain

A

The Jacksonian march

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31
Q

Shows that adjacent areas of the skin project to adjacent areas in the brain, and that some areas on the skin are represented by a disproportionately large area of the brain

A

Homunculus

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32
Q

Exploring objects with the hand

A

Haptics

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33
Q

The capacity to detect details of stimuli presented to the skin

A

Tactile acuity

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34
Q

The minimum separation between two points on the skin that when stimulated, is perceived as 2 points

A

two-point threshold

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35
Q

measured by pressing a grooved stimulus like the one onto the skin and asking the person to indicate the orientation of the grating.

A

Grating acuity

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36
Q

measured by determining the narrowest spacing for which orientation can be accurately judged. can also be measured by pushing raised patterns such as letters onto the skin and determining the smallest-sized pattern or letter that can be identified

A

Acuity

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37
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: the firing of the Merkel receptor’s fibers signals details

A

TRUE

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38
Q

What part of the body is the most sensitive to details?

A

fingertips

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39
Q

What type of receptive fields do cortical neurons that represent part of the body with better acuity have?

A

smaller receptive fields

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40
Q

Which mechanoreceptor is primarily responsible for sensing vibration?

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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41
Q

The physical texture of a surface is created by peaks and valleys.

A

Surface texture

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42
Q

states that our perception of texture depends on both spatial cues and temporal cues

A

The duplex theory of texture perception

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43
Q

Provided by relatively large surface elements, such as bumps and grooves. that can be felt both when the skin moves across the surface elements and when it is pressed onto the elements.

A

Spatial cues

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44
Q

What texture cue is Braille an example of?

A

spatial cue

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45
Q

Occur when the skin moves across a textured surface like fine sandpaper; they are responsible for our perception of fine texture that cannot be detected unless the fingers are moving across the surface

A

Temporal cues

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46
Q

provides information in the form of vibrations that occur as a result of the movement over the surface.

A

Temporal cues

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47
Q

When testing responses of the somatosensory cortex of monkeys, what did the patterns show?

A
  1. different textures caused different firing patterns in an individual neuron
  2. different neurons responded differently to the same texture
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48
Q

Where do cortical neurons that fire best to coarse textures receive input from?

A

SA1 neurons in the skin (Merkel receptors)

49
Q

Where do neurons that fire best to fine textures receive input from?

A

PC receptors (Pacinian corpuscles)

50
Q

touch in which a person actively explores an object, usually with fingers and hands

A

active touch

51
Q

occurs when touch stimuli are applied to the skin, as when two points are pushed onto the skin to determine the two-point threshold

A

passive touch

52
Q

perception in which 3-D objects are explored with the fingers and hand

A

Haptic perception

53
Q

involved in detecting cutaneous sensations such as touch, temperature, and texture and the movements and positions of your fingers and hands

A

Sensory system

54
Q

Involved in moving your fingers and hands

A

Motor system

55
Q

involved in thinking about the information provided by the sensory and motor systems

A

Cognitive system

56
Q

you experience stimulation of the skin

A

Passive touch

57
Q

You experience the objects you are touching

A

Active touch

58
Q

What do people mainly use to judge texture?

A

they use lateral motion and contour

59
Q

What do people mainly use to judge exact shape?

A

they use enclosure and contour

60
Q

What are the 4 types of exploratory procedures?

A
  1. lateral motion
  2. pressure
  3. enclosure
  4. contour following
61
Q

a change in direction from a previous position, and can occur in any plane

A

lateral motion

62
Q

continuous physical force exerted on or against an object by something in contact with it.

A

pressure

63
Q

an area surrounded by a fence or other structure

A

enclosure

64
Q

when you trace the contour of something

A

contour following

65
Q

The tactile area of the thalamus; have center-surround receptive fields that are similar to the center-surroud receptive fields in the lateral geniculate nucleus

A

Ventral posterior nucleus

66
Q

when one person is touching another person

A

Interpersonal touching or social touch

67
Q

Involves inserting a metal electrode with a very fine tip just under the skin

A

Microneurography

68
Q

CT afferents and their central projections are responsible for social touch

A

Social touch hypothesis

69
Q

Sensing details, texture, vibration, and objects

A

Discriminative functions of touch

70
Q

Sensing pleasure and therefore often eliciting positive emotions. The CT system is the basis.

A

The affective function of touch

71
Q

What are CT afferents specialized for?

A

slow stroking

72
Q

When does the perception of touch happen?

A

it doesn’t happen until the signals from the CT afferents reach the brain

73
Q

What connections does slow stoking make?

A

connections between the back of the insula and the front of the insula

74
Q

which part of the insula receives sensory information?

A

the back

75
Q

which part of the insula is connected to emotional areas of the brain?

A

the front

76
Q

What can influence the effects of slow stroking?

A
  1. location and rate of stoking
  2. knowledge of who is doing the stroking can determine whether the stoking is perceived as pleasant or unpleasant
77
Q

The fact that people’s thoughts about who is touching them can influence their perception of pleasantness is an example of how ___________________ can influence the perception of social touch.

A

top-down processing

78
Q

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage

A

Pain

79
Q

caused by damage to tissue or inflammation of joints or by tumor cells.

A

Inflammatory pain

80
Q

is caused by lesions or other damage to the nervous system

A

Neuropathic pain

81
Q

pain caused by activation of receptors in the skin called nociceptors

A

Nociceptive pain

82
Q

specialized to respond to tissue damage or potential damages

A

nociceptors

83
Q

Pain occurs when nociceptor receptors in the skin are stimulated and send their signals directly from the skin to the brain

A

Direct pathway model of pain

84
Q

People who have had a limb amputated continue to experience the limb

A

Phantom limbs

85
Q

What is one idea about what causes pain in the phantom limb?

A

Signals are sent from the part of the limb that remains after amputation.

86
Q

The idea that pain signals enter the spinal cord from the body and are then transmitted from the spinal cord to the brain
- there are additional pathways that influence the signals sent from the spinal cord to the brain.
- signals from these additional pathways can act to open or close a gate, located in the spinal cord, which determines the strength of the signal leaving the spinal cord.

A

Gate control model

87
Q

Consists of cells in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

A

Gate control system

88
Q

Fibers activate a circuit consisting entirely of excitatory synapses, and therefore send excitatory signals to the transmission cells.

A

Nociceptors

89
Q

What increases firing rate of transmission cells?

A

excitatory signals from the (+) neurons in the dorsal horn “open the gate”

90
Q

What does the increased activity in transmission cells result in?

A

more pain

91
Q

Fibers carry information about non painful tactile stimulation

A

Mechanoreceptors

92
Q

What happens when activity in the mechanoreceptors reaches the (-) neurons in the dorsal horn?

A

inhibitory signals sent to the transmission cells “close the gate” and decrease the firing of the transmission cells

93
Q

What does the decrease in firing of transmission cells cause?

A

decreases the intensity of pain

94
Q

What decreases cell activity of transmission cells and a decrease in pain?

A

activity that is coming down from the brain closes the gate

95
Q

These fibers, which contains info related to cognitive functions such as expectation, attention, and distraction, carry signals down from the cortex

A

Central control

96
Q

what is the perception of pain determined by?

A

a balance between input from nociceptors in the skin and non-nociceptive activity from the skin and the brain

97
Q

A pill that they believe contains painkillers but that, in fact, contains no active ingredients

A

Placebo

98
Q

The patient believes that the substance is an effective therapy

A

Placebo effect

99
Q

negative placebo effect

A

nocebo effect

100
Q

What is the placebo effect associated with?

A

increases in network of areas associated with pain perception, and the nocebo effect was associated with increases in activity in the hippocampus

101
Q

Positive emotions are associated with?

A

Decreased pain

102
Q

what does listening to pleasant music do for pain?

A

decrease both the intensity and the unpleasantness of pain

103
Q

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience is a reference to both sensory and emotional experience. What does this reflect?

A

multimodal nature of pain

104
Q

When people describe their pain with words like throbbing, prickly, hot, or dull

A

Sensory component of pain

105
Q

When they use words like torturing, annoying, frightful, or sickening to describe their pain.

A

Affective (or emotional) component of pain

106
Q

What drugs have been used to reduce pain and induce feelings of euphoria?

A

Opiate drugs such as opium and heroin

107
Q

What drug can you inject into a person overdosing on heroin? why does it work?

A

Naloxone; because naloxone’s structure is similar to heroin’s, it attaches to the same receptor sites, thereby preventing from binding to those receptors.

108
Q

Neurotransmitters were discovered that act on the same receptors that are activated by opium and heroin. They are produced in the brain and released in response to pain or stress, or during pleasurable activities.

A

Endorphins

109
Q

How can pain be decreased?

A

by stimulating sites in the brain that release endorphins

110
Q

Why does the pain reduction effect of placebos occur?

A

Because placebos cause the release of endorphins

111
Q

What does hand holding cause?

A

synchronized brain waves, which is translated into reduced pain

112
Q

The ability to share and vicariously experience someone else’s feeling

A

Empathy

113
Q

two main areas activated that are both associated with the affective component of pain

A

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the anterior insula (AI)

114
Q

pain caused by social interactions

A

social pain

115
Q

a condition which caused the fingers on his right hand to curl into his palm

A

Hand dystonia

116
Q

the process by which the brain’s neural circuits are reorganized and created based on life experiences.

A

Experience-dependent plasticity

117
Q

How do 9-month-olds respond to movement?

A

Movement of a brush along their arm with a decrease in heart rate if the brush is moved across the arm at 3 cm per second, which is in the range that activates CT afferents.

118
Q

What happens when these premature infants are massaged?

A

they have more weight gain, better cognitive development, better motor skills, and better sleep than premature infants who are not massaged.

Perception (17 decks)

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