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Perception > Midterm 2: Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2: Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The interaction of the signals of many neurons

A

Neural Processing

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2
Q

Electrical signals

A

Neurons

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3
Q

Contain mechanisms to keep the cell alive

A

Cell body

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4
Q

Branches out from the cell body to receive electrical signals from other neurons.

A

Dendrites

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5
Q

Filled with fluid that conducts/sends out electrical signals

A

Axon

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6
Q

Neurons specialized to respond to environmental stimuli.

A

Sensory receptors

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7
Q

Approximately -70 millivolts (mV), meaning the inside of the axon is negatively charged compared to the outside when it is not actively transmitting a signal.

A

Resting potential

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8
Q

Once the response is triggered, it travels all the way down the axon without decreasing in size; it enables neurons to transmit signals over long distances.

A

Propagated Response

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9
Q

What happens to action potentials depending on the intensity of the stimulus?

A

it remains the same size

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10
Q

What does changing the stimulus intensity affect?

A

the RATE of firing

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11
Q

The interval between the time one nerve impulse occurs and the next one can be generated in the axon.

A

Refractory Period

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12
Q

Action potentials that occur in the absence of stimuli from the environment.

A

Spontaneous Activity

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13
Q

Molecules that carry an electrical charge; created when molecules gain or lose electrons.

A

Ions

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14
Q

the ease with which a molecule can pass through the membrane and selective means that the fiber is permeable to one specific type of molecule but not to others.

A

Permeability

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15
Q

An increase in positive charge inside the neuron

A

Depolarization

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16
Q

The quick and steep depolarization from -70mV to +40mV during an action potential

A

Rising phase of the action potential

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17
Q

Small space between neurons

A

Synapse

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18
Q

Chemicals that are stored in structures called synaptic vesicles at the end of the sending neuron.

A

Neurotransmitters

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19
Q

Small areas on the receiving neuron that are sensitive to specific neurotransmitters.

A

Receptor Sites

20
Q

What causes the triggering of a chemical process that causes a new electrical signal in the receiving neuron?

A

When an electrical signal reaches the synapse

21
Q

Occurs when the neuron becomes depolarized, and thus, the inside of the neuron becomes more positive.

A

Excitatory Response

22
Q

Why is depolarization an excitatory response?

A

It causes the charge to change in the direction that triggers an action potential.

23
Q

Occurs when the inside of the neuron becomes more negative, or hyperpolarized.

A

Inhibitory Response

24
Q

Why is hyperpolarization an inhibitory response?

A

It causes the charge inside the axon to move away from the level of depolarization.

25
Q

How does a neuron’s firing decrease?

A

Inhibition becomes stronger, and excitation becomes weaker.

26
Q

Refers to how neurons represent various characteristics of the environment

A

Sensory Coding

27
Q

The notion of a specialized neuron that responds only to one concept or stimulus.

A

Specificity Coding

28
Q

Can a particular neuron respond to the CONCEPT of a particular person?

A

YES

29
Q

Occurs when a particular stimulus is represented by a pattern of firing of only a small group of neurons, with the majority of neurons remaining silent.

A

Sparse coding

30
Q

Proposed that our experiences are represented by the pattern of firing across a large number of neurons.

A

Population coding

31
Q

What did Franz Gall claim about the shape of a person’s skull?

A

There is a correlation between the shape of a person’s skull and their abilities and traits, which he called “mental faculties”: PHRENOLOGY.

32
Q

The idea is that specific brain areas are specialized to respond to specific types of stimuli or functions; each specific area is called a module.

A

Modularity

33
Q

Area of speech production

A

Broca’s area

34
Q

Area in temporal lobe involved in understanding speech.

A

Wernicke’s area

35
Q

What was Broca’s and Wernicke’s area evidence for?

A

Early evidence for modularity

36
Q

What is a more controlled way in which modularity has been studied?

A

Recording brain responses in neurologically normal humans using brain imaging.

37
Q
  • Excellent for revealing brain structures, but doesn’t indicate neural activity.
  • use magnets, radio waves, and a computer to create images of soft tissues in the body, such as organs and muscles.
A

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

38
Q
  • helps researchers determine how various types of cognition, or functions, activate different areas of the brain.
  • takes advantage of the fact that blood flow increases in activated areas of the brain (hemoglobin).
  • determines the relative activity of various areas of the brain by detecting changes in the magnetic response of the Hemoglobin.
  • IT CAN’T RECORD ACTIVITY FROM INDIVIDUAL NEURONS.
A

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

39
Q

An idea proposed by Hinton is that the brain represents information in patterns distributed across the cortex, rather than in one single brain area.

A

Distributed Representation

40
Q

What is an example of distributed representation?

A

How the brain responds to pain, you simultaneously experience the sensory component, emotional component, and reflexive motor component.

41
Q

The road map of fibers connecting different areas of the brain.

A

Structural connectivity

42
Q

The neural activity is associated with a particular function that is flowing through this structural network.

A

Functional connectivity

43
Q

The structure of the brain is measured using _________.

A

MRI

44
Q

The function of the brain is measured using _________.

A

fMRI

45
Q

a technique that measures brain activity in response to experimental circumstances. It’s used to identify neural reactions to tasks

A

task-related fMRI

46
Q

a brain imaging technique that measures spontaneous brain activity while a subject is at rest or sedated

A

resting-state fMRI

47
Q

a philosophical question that explores the relationship between the mind and the body

A

Mind-body problem

Perception (11 decks)

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