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Perception > Midterm 2: Chapter 3.4 > Flashcards

Midterm 2: Chapter 3.4 Flashcards

1
Q

Interconnected groups of neurons (within the retina)

A

Neural Circuits

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2
Q

Signals generated in the receptors travel to the ______________ _________.

A

Bipolar Cells

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3
Q

After bipolar cells, where do signals travel to?

A

Ganglion Cells

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4
Q

Why do ganglion cells have long axons?

A

to transmit signals out of the retina in the optic nerve.

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5
Q

What are two other types of neurons that connect neurons across the retina?

A

Horizontal cells and amacrine cells

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6
Q

Where does light come in?

A

From the bottom where the ganglion cells are.

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7
Q

Occurs when a number of neurons synapse onto a single neuron

A

Neural convergence

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8
Q

Order of cells in the retina?

A
  1. Rods and cone receptors
  2. Horizontal cells
  3. Bipolar cells
  4. Amacrine cells
  5. Ganglion cells
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9
Q

The small area that contains only cones

A

Fovea

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10
Q

True or false: Each ganglion cell receives signals from only one cone.

A

TRUE

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11
Q

What does greater convergence of rods compared to cones translate to?

A
  1. rods result in better sensitivity than the cones
  2. the conses result in better detail vision than the rods.
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12
Q

Which is better to use in the dark? rods or cones?

A

Rods

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13
Q

Why do rods have greater sensitivity compared to rods?

A

it takes less light to generate a response from an individual rod receptor than from an individual cone receptor. And rods have greater convergence

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14
Q

True or false: The rods have greater convergence than the cones.

A

TRUE

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15
Q

Why do cones have better visual acuity?

A

they have less convergence

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16
Q

Refers to the ability to see details

A

Acuity

17
Q

When you move your eyes to look at different things in the way of looking for something, what are you doing?

A

Scanning with your cone-rich fovea

18
Q

When you look at something directly, where does the image fall?

A

On the fovea

19
Q

Where is your visual acuity highest?

A

Fovea

20
Q

What does high convergence result in?

A

high sensitivity but poor acuity

21
Q

What does low convergence result in?

A

low sensitivity but high acuity

22
Q

The region of the retina that must receive illumination in order to obtain a response in any given fiber

A

Receptive field

23
Q

arranged like concentric circles in a center-surround organization. The area “center” of the receptive field of the receptive field responds differently to light than the area in the “surrounding” of the receptive field.

A

center-surround receptive fields

24
Q

What is this receptive field called?
- Presenting a spot of light to the center increases the firing (Excitatory area)
- stimulation of the surround causes a decrease in firing (Inhibitory area)

A

excitatory-center, inhibitory-surround receptive field

25
Q

What is this receptive field called?
- responds with inhibition when the center is stimulated
- responds with excitation when the surround is stimulated

A

inhibitory center, excitatory-surround receptive field

26
Q
  • antagonistic interactions between the center and surrounding regions of the receptive fields of photoreceptor cells in the retina.
  • come into play when the spot of light becomes large enough that it begins to cover the inhibitory area.
A

Center-surround antagonism

27
Q

Inhibition that is transmitted across the retina

A

Lateral inhibition

28
Q

Which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition?

A

Horizontal and amacrine cells

29
Q

An increase in perceived contrast at borders between regions of the visual field

A

Edge enhancement

30
Q

a brightness illusion that occurs when adjacent bands of different luminance are perceived as inhomogeneous

A

Chevreul illusion

31
Q

Light and dark bands created at fuzzy borders; an optical illusion caused by an inherent edge enhancement by the retina, resulting in a darker edge of a dark object adjacent to a light object, and vice versa

A

Mach bands

32
Q

True or false: Infants choose to look at objects with contours over ones that are homogeneous

A

TRUE

Perception (11 decks)

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