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Perception > Midterm 1: Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1: Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Identified with complex processes that involve higher-order mechanisms such as interpretation and memory that involve activity in the brain.

A

Perception

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2
Q

Process begins with a stimulus in the environment and ends with the conscious experiences.

A

Perceptual process

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3
Q

What is the steps of the perceptual process?

A
  1. stimulus in the environment
  2. stimulus hits the receptors
  3. receptor processes
  4. neural processing
  5. perception!
  6. Recognition
  7. Action
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4
Q

a stimulus out there in the environment; “distant”

A

Distal Stimulus

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5
Q

a stimulus “in proximity” to the receptors

A

Proximal stimulus

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6
Q

States that stimuli and responses created by stimuli are transformed, or changed, between the distal stimulus and perception.

A

Principle of transformation

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7
Q

States that everything a person perceives is based not on direct contact with stimuli but on representations of stimuli that are formed on the receptors and the resulting activity in the person’s nervous system.

A

Principle of representation

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8
Q

Cells specialized to respond to environmental energy

A

Sensory Receptors

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9
Q

_________ receptors respond to light

A

Visual

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10
Q

_________ receptors respond to pressure changes in the air.

A

Auditory

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11
Q

_________ receptors respond to pressure transmitted through the skin

A

Touch

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12
Q

_________ and __________ receptors respond to chemicals entering the nose and mouth.

A

Smell and taste

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13
Q

Contains the machinery for creating perceptions, language, memory, emotions, and thinking

A

Cerebral cortex

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14
Q

Area for hearing

A

Temporal lobe

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15
Q

Area for vision

A

Occipital lobe

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16
Q

Area for touch, temperature, and pain

A

parietal lobe

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17
Q

Area that receives signals from all of the senses, and it plays an important role in perceptions that involve the coordination of information received through two or more senses.

A

Frontal lobe

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18
Q

Inability to recognize objects

A

Visual form agnosia

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19
Q

How does the perceptual process important for survival?

A

It helps the animals control navigation, catch prey, avoid obstacles, and detect predators.

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20
Q

Any info that the perceiver brings to a situation, such as prior experience or expectations.

A

Knowledge

21
Q

Processing that is based on the stimuli reaching the receptors

A

Bottom-up processing

22
Q

Processing that is based on Knowledge

A

Top-down processing

23
Q

Effect where people see vertical or horizontal lines better than lines oriented obliquely

A

Oblique Effect

24
Q

Measures the relationships between the physical (the stimulus) and the psychological (the behavioral response)

A

Psychophysics

25
Q

Relates stimuli to behavioral responses, such as perception, recognition.

A

Stimulus-behavior relationship

26
Q

The relationship between stimuli and physiological responses, like neurons firing

A

Stimulus-Physiological Relationship

27
Q

Smallest stimulus level that can just be detected

A

Absolute threshold

28
Q

measure the limits of sensory systems

A

Threshold

29
Q

the stimuli start low enough to be undetectable and gradually increase over time until they can be detected

A

Method of limits

30
Q

subjects usually need to be randomly presented with constantly different physical stimuli at different intensities each time the stimuli are presented

A

Method of constant stimuli

31
Q

the subject is asked to control the level of the stimulus and to alter it until it is just barely detectable against the background noise, or is the same as the level of another stimulus.

A

Method of Adjustments

32
Q

The smallest difference between two stimuli that enables us to tell the difference between them.

A

Difference threshold

33
Q

The time between presentation of stimulus and the person’s reaction to it.

A

Reaction time

34
Q

Define the perceptual phenomena we want to explain

A

Phenomenon logical report

35
Q

How is the perception of light determined?

A

by determining perceived brightness using a method such as magnitude estimation

36
Q

a band of energy randing from gamma rays at the short-wave end of the spectrum AM radio at the long wave end.

A

Electromagnetic Spectrum

37
Q

______ is the color of long wavelengths

A

red

38
Q

________ is the color of short wavelengths

A

blue

39
Q

Physical size of an object in the world

A

Distal size

40
Q

Size of the object’s projection onto the retina

A

Proximal size

41
Q

Why do we have 2 eyes?

A
  1. Binocular summation: pool twice as much light
  2. increase the field of view
  3. Better peripheral vision
  4. Other eyes make up for a damaged one
  5. redundancy in case of danger
  6. larger visual field
  7. better depth info
42
Q

Disadvantages to 2 eyes?

A
  1. problem in one eye causes problems to the others (eyes need to line up)
  2. can fail at coordination
  3. Need more processing power
43
Q

Why is it good that we can move our eyes in our head?

A
  • less energy and faster relative to moving the head.
  • better precision since it’s easier to use
  • wider field of view
  • incase of danger, being able to hide easier
  • Fixation/vergence
  • Facilitates eye care
  • Rolling your eyes, using your eyes for expression/communication.
  • compensate for body/head motion
44
Q

Pupil control can modulate the amount of light entering the eye by a factor of _______.

A

16

45
Q

What is the issue with pinhole optics?

A

You need a small aperture (opening) to reduce blur.

46
Q

A term used to describe the state of having perfect vision, or 20/20 sight, in which the eye focuses light on the retina to produce a clear image

A

Emmetropic

47
Q

What factors affect the detection threshold?

A
  • wavelength
  • intensity of light
  • Intertrial interval
  • background/adaption
  • duration
  • position on retina
  • adaption time
  • size of spot
  • subject with good vision
48
Q

How many quanta per rod?

A

1 quanta, but needs 10 to work

Perception (11 decks)

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