Midterm 2 Flashcards
Sensation vs perception
Sensation usually involves sensing the existence of a stimulus, whereas perceptual systems involve the determination of what a stimulus is
Change Blindness
a perceptual phenomenon that occurs when a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it.
Inattentional Blindness
occurs when an individual fails to perceive an unexpected stimulus in plain sight, purely as a result of a lack of attention rather than any vision defects or deficits
Parts of the eye
Cornea
Lens
Pupil
Optic Tract
Iris
Rods
Retina
Cones
Blind spot
Fovea
Cornea
directs light rays into the eye and helps focus them on the light-sensitive retina at the back of the eye, providing sharp, clear vision
Lens
transmit and focus light onto the retina
If damaged, causes blurry vision
Pupil
lets light into your eye as the muscles of your iris change its shape.
Optic Tract
carry visual information from the optic chiasm to the left and right lateral geniculate bodies as a part of the visual pathway.
Iris
controls how much light the pupil lets in.
Rods
help give us good vision in low light
Retina
captures the light that enters your eye and helps translate it into the images you see
Containscones and rods
Cones
give us our color vision
Blind Spots
The eye cannot send any messages about the image to the brain, which usually interprets the image for us.
Fovea
to allow for high visual acuity
Outer ear
Pinna
Ear Cannal
Hammer
Anvil
Stirrup
Pinna
Captures sound waves
Semi-circular/vestibular organ
Works with your sense of balance
the malleus
Hammer Anvil Stirrup
These tiny little bones reflect soundwaves and send the sound into the Cochlea
Basilar membraine
the main mechanical element of the inner ear. It possesses graded mass and stiffness properties over its length, and its vibration patterns have the effect of separating incoming sound into its component frequencies that activate different cochlear regions.
Papillae
ittle bumps on the top of your tongue that help grip food while your teeth are chewing (Contains the taste buds)
Taste buds
Contains taste receptors
Interposition
a type of monocular cue in which one object partially obscures or covers another object, giving the perception the object that is partially covered is farther away
Relative size
If two objects are similar in size, we perceive the one that casts a smaller retinal image to be farther away.
Texture gradient
As the surface gets farther away from us this texture gets finer and appears smoother
Texture is more defined the closer we are to it
Linear perspective
a type of depth prompt that the human eye perceives when viewing two parallel lines that appear to meet at a distance.
Height in plane
how things that are further away often appear to be positioned higher up.
Light and shadow
assumption that light is always coming from above, it can give us a sense of depth
Monocular cues
Interposition
Relative size
Texture gradient
Linear perspective
Height in plane
Light and shadow
Binocular cues
Convergence
Retinal Disparity
Convergence
when looking at a close-up object, your eyes angle inwards towards each other
Retinal Disparity
Retinal disparity is the fact that the left and right fields of vision provide slightly different visual images when focusing on a single object. It is a type of binocular visual cue that allows people to perceive depth and distance.F
True or False
During Rem sleep, brain waves are moving the fastest
True
Deepest level of sleep
Rem Sleep
What are the three theories of sleeping
Freuds
Neurocognitive
Synthesis-Activation theory
Alteration in consciousness
– illusions – OBEs–NDEs
Insight learning
a sudden realization of a solution to a problem.
Latent learning
Latent learning refers to learning that is not reinforced and not demonstrated until there is motivation to do so.
Observational Learning
Observational learning occurs by viewing the behaviors of others.
Negative
Something was Taken
Positive
something was given
Reinforcement
Increased Behaviour
Punishment
Decreased Behaviour
Positive Reinforcement
occurs when a certain behavior results in a positive outcome, making the behavior likely to be repeated in the future
Positive Punishment
Something was given to reduce behaviour
Negative Punishment
remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.
Negative Reinforcement
Aims to increase specific behaviors by removing negative consequences or stimuli.
