Chapter 5 Flashcards
Psychoactive Drug
Substance that contains chemicals similar to those found naturally in our brains that alter consciousness by changing chemical processes in neurons.
Substance use disorders
recurrent and significant impairment or distress associated with one or more drugs
Tolerance
reduction in the effect of a drug as a result of repeated use, requiring users to consume greater quantities to achieve the same effect
Withdrawal
Unpleasant effects of reducing or stopping consumption of a drug that users had consumed habitually
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
could cause seizures, confusion, and bizarre visual hallucinations
Physical dependence
dependence on a drug that occurs when people continue to take it to avoid withdrawal symptoms
Psychological dependence
non-physiological dependence on a drug that occurs when continued use of the drug is motivated by intense cravings
Depressants
slow activity in the central nervous system producing a sense of calmness and reduced inhibitions
Stimulants
increases activity in the central nervous system
Narcotics (opiates)
relieve pain and induce sleep
Psychedelics
Are Hallucinogens in that, they alter perception, mood, and thought.
what are some Sociocultural Influences of drug use?
Cultures/groups where drinking is prohibited, exhibit low rates of alcoholism
Where it’s open and more accepted, alcoholism surges
Cultures/groups that have ceremony with psychedelic experiences
Sedative
Drug that exerts a calming effect
Hypnotic
Drug that exerts a sleep-inducing effect
Visual Hallucinations
Can be brought about by oxygen and sensory deprivation, epilepsy, fever, dementia, and migraine headaches
Auditory Hallucinations
can occur when patients mistakenly attribute their thoughts, or inner speech, to an external source
How do auditory hallucinations change for psychotic individuals?
Voices that psychotic individuals hear are much more negative and perceived to be less controllable
Usually described as floating over your body, calmly observing ourselves from above, implying that our sense of self need not be subjectively locked into our body.
Out-Of-Body experiences (OBEs)
Replicability of OBEs
There is no good evidence that people are truly floating above their bodies during OBEs
Falsifiability of OBEs
Our brain has the ability to be disrupted, and creat a similar effect that makes us believe were having an OBE. Certain drugs replicate that as well, such as Ketamine (Special K)
Reported by people who’ve nearly died or thought they were going to die
Near-Death Experience (NDEs)
During Near-Death Experiences (NDEs), What is something many people who’ve experienced one claim to have seen?
Often during NDEs when a patient suffers from one and claims to have seen the afterlife , it is culturally driven.
Falsifiability of Near-Death Experiences
the evidence is insufficient to support the extraordinary claim that we get ushered into an afterlife during NDEs
Déjà vu
Feeling of reliving an experience that’s new
True or False
Patients who have suffered a small seizure in the right temporal lobe, which is largely responsible for feelings of familiarity, sometimes experience Deja vu right before a seizure
True
Mystical experiences
feelings of unity or oneness with the world, often with strong spirtual overtones
They have been reported to be associated with prayer, fasting, meditation, and social isolation. Yet they may differ across religious faiths
Mystical Experiences
Hypnosis
An interpersonal situation which imaginative suggestions are administered for changes in consciousness
What are the needs for Hypnosis to be effective?
Those who can be hypnotized have to have a vivid imagination
You have to believe it works for it to work
Which term means a division of consciousness, a condition in which a person could carry out attention, effort, and planning without being aware of it?
Dissociation
Dreaming was our sexual and aggressive impulses that we kept at bay when awake being represented into dreams when asleep as “Wish Fulfilment”
Dreams have deeper meaning, They have a Manifest Content and a Latent
Freud’s Dream Protection Theory
Manifest Content
The manifest content involves the actual story and events that occur during a dream which may indicate something deeper in the conscience.
Apart of Freud’s Dream Protection Theory
Latent Content
The latent content refers to the symbolic meaning of a dream that lies behind the literal content of the dream.
Apart of Freud’s Dream Protection Theory
Falsification of Freud Theory
Most of our dreams contain everyday activity with no meaning
Nightmares can be disturbing but it’s possible to change them with psychotherapy.
manifest content vs latent content
The manifest content is the actual literal subject matter of the dream while the latent content is the underlying meaning of these symbols
Activation-Synthesis Theory
“Theory that dreams reflect inputs from brain activation originating in the pons, which the forebrain then attempts to weave into a story.”
Who found the Activation-Synthesis Theory ?
Alan Hobson and Robert McCarley
According to Hobson and Mcarley, Activation-
Synthesis theory is:
It’s the brains attempt to make sense of random and internally generate neural signals during REM sleep
Activation part of Activation-Synthesis theory
Of the forebrain via neural messages from the pons during REM sleep
Sytnthesis part of Activation Synthesis Theory
forebrain attempts to make coherent sense of this activity, making dreams
Protoconciousnes
A primitive or primary state of brain organization that starts to develop even before birth in the uterus and is a building block of consciousness
Dreaming and the Forebrain
An alternative to the activation-synthesis theory emphasizes the role of the forebrain in dreaming.
What did Mark Solms determine about damage to the forebrain?
determined that damage to the (a) deep frontal white matter and (b) the parietal lobes can lead to a complete loss of dreaming.
He determined that its likely that those damaged areas of our brain are pathways that allow brain centres involed in dreaming to communicate.
According to Mark Solms, how did he rule out Activation-Synthesis Theory?
According to solms, dreams are largely driven by the motivational and emotional control centres of the forebrain as the “executive” parts of the brain snooze.
G.William Domhoff’s “Neurocognitive Theory:”
Theory that dreams are supported by the brain’s default network and are a meaningful product of our cognitive capacities, which shape what we dream about
According to Domhoff on Neurovognitive Theory:
According to Domhoff dreams are simulations in which we imaginatively place ourselves in different mental scenarios and explore possible outcomes.
Simulations of Scenarios in dreams
of things that happened to you in the past or even of the day of.) (Recreations of memories
Consciousness
Subjective experience of the world and ourselves.
Sleep Paralysis
Inability to move prior to falling asleep or immediately prior to walking.
Feel you’re awake but cannot move
Consciously aware
Sleep Paralysis
Mind-Wandering
(Day Dreaming) 30-50% of our waking hours
What is Mind-Wandering associated with?
Associated with creative thinking
Associated with problem solving
Associated with thinking about the future (Future planning)
Purposes of Sleeping
Encoding Memories
Survival through conservation of energy and reduced exposure to predators
Circadian Rhythm
Occurs every 24 hours
How many stages of sleep are there?
Five
A transitional period from wakefulness to sleep that lasts only a few minutes
Light sleep (Theta Waves)
May experience “Hypnagogic Imagery” (Visual or Auditory Hallucinations)
Muscles are still active and might experience “Myoclonic Jerks” (falling asleep and then leg kicks/jerks out)
Stage 1 of Sleep
Deepening of sleep associated with sleep spindles (bursts of brain activity) and K-complexes (Waves that sharply rise and fall).
Brain activity and body slows down
65% of sleep occurs in this stage
Stage 2 of Sleep
Deep sleep comprised of delta waves begin to emerge
Stage 3 of Sleep
Delta Waves dominate
Stage 4 of sleep
What are stages 3 and 4 of sleep crucial for?
They are crucial to feeling properly rested.
REM (Rapid Eye Movement)
Darting eyes when the eyelids are closed during sleep.
Rem sleep
Stage 5
Non-Rem sleep stages
Stage 1, 2, 3 and 4
How much of our dreams is associated with REM
82% of dreams are associated with being in REM sleep
REM rebound
after a few nights of REM deprivation, duration of REM sleep increases.
Lucid Dreaming
In control of your dreams
Insomnia
Trouble falling or staying asleep.
Potential causes of insomnia
-stress
-Caffeine
-Medication
-Illness
-Jet Lag
-Napping
-Frustration with not falling asleep
Narcolepsy
Rapid onset of unexpected sleep that lasts for a brief time (Seconds to minutes)
Potential causes of narcolepsy
Genetics
Sleep Apnea
multiple awakenings due to airway blockage during sleep, resulting in daytime fatigue.
Latin for about a day, the __________ rhythm refers to the cyclical changes to our biological processes that occur on a 24-hour basis.
circadian
An analysis of the contents of tens of thousands of dreams demonstrated that adult dreams are to a great extent occupied with __________, emotional concerns, and preoccupations.
everyday activities
A drug that enhances positive emotional reactions and minimizes negative ones, such as nicotine, is said to have __________.
adjustive value
Rowan and Martin are chatting over lunch one day. “Man, I had the weirdest dream last night,” Rowan offered. “I was being chased by snakes and a gigantic blimp, and a creature who was a mix of my mother and father kept firing arrows at me until I finally jumped down a hole and fell through a long tunnel.” “Ah,” replied Martin, “you are frustrated by your sexual inadequacies and afraid of death.” What theory of dreaming does Martin most likely subscribe to?
Freud’s dream protection theory
Hypnosis increases the amount of information we recall. Most of this information is __________.
inaccurate
How many non-REM stages of sleep occur before the vivid dreaming stage of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep?
4
Sometimes people who suffer from narcolepsy also experience __________, a complete loss of muscle tone that can result in falls.
cataplexy
Emily and Richard stop at their local bar for a drink after a hard day’s work. Two drinks in, Emily is slurring her words and having a difficult time holding her head up, whereas Richard appears in control of his faculties and speaks coherently. Both Emily and Richard drank the same amount of alcohol; why are their reactions so different?
Individual differences in body weight, mental set, or genetics can modulate the effects of alcohol on an individual.
A __________ is described as feeling at one with the world, usually in a spiritual way.
mystical experience
Many dream theories propose that dreams reflect the circumstances of our lives. But studies of __________ have shown that this is not, in fact, true.
young children
Chronic heavy use of marijuana can impair __________.
attention and memory
Travelling across time zones can disrupt a person’s biological clock, resulting in a phenomenon commonly called __________.
jet lag
Sigmund Freud made a distinction between what dreams seem to be about and what they were really about. He called this hidden meaning __________.
latent content
Placebo studies show that much of what we think of as “drunken behaviour” is strongly influenced by __________.
culturally learned expectations
Which theory suggests that dreams are complex cognitive achievements that develop as our visual imagination and other advanced cognitive abilities develop?
Neurocognitive theory
As Nicole was talking to a friend of hers, she noticed that the conversation and surroundings seemed strangely familiar. What was Nicole experiencing?
Déjà vu
Hypnotists use a(n) __________ to increase people’s suggestibility.
induction method
When people need to consume increased quantities of a drug to get the same results they used to get from a lower dose, they have developed __________.
tolerance
Sleep apnea causes airways to become blocked during sleep. This condition leads to __________.
multiple awakenings during the night
By studying people who had sustained damage to the __________, scientists were able to determine that it plays an important role in our ability to dream.
forebrain
In the activation-synthesis model of dreaming, the “synthesis” part refers to __________.
the forebrain trying to create a meaningful narrative from signals sent to it from lower brain centres
The auditory hallucinations of psychotics differ from those of well-functioning nonpsychotics. Among psychotics, auditory hallucinations are much more __________ and perceived to be beyond the individual’s control.
negative
Jimmy often shows odd behaviour while he is asleep. By all appearances he seems to be acting out the behaviours in his dreams, such as playing the banjo or feeding an imaginary baby. Having ruled out other disorders, his physician concluded that Jimmy is suffering from __________.
REM behaviour disorder (RBD)
