Chapter 7 Flashcards by Stephane Marcoux-Poussart

Decay

Fading of information from memory over time

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Interference

Loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information

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When trying to recall an event, which of the following processes best describes how that takes place?

We actively reconstruct our memories using cues and information available to us.

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In which memory system is information retained for the shortest amount of time?

Sensory Memory

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What type of graph would be used to illustrate the primacy and recency effects?

Serial Position Curve

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Priming

Our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we’ve encountered similar stimuli

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Procedural memory

Memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits

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Semantic Memory

Our knowledge of facts about the world

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Episodic Memory

Recollection of events in our lives

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Implicit memory

Memories we don’t deliberately remember or reflect on consciously

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Explicit Memory

Memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness

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Procedural memory

Memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits

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Types of Long-Term Memory

Semantic
Episodic
Explicit
Implicit

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Serial Position Curve

Graph depicting both primacy and regency effects on people’s ability to recall items on a list

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Recency Effect

Tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well

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Permastore

Type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent

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Primacy effect

Tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well

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Long-Term memory

Relatively enduring (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills.

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Short term Memory

Memory system that retains information for limited duration

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Sensory Memory

Brief storage of perceptual informatin before it is passed to short-term memory

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Iconic memory

Visual sensory information (In the case of TV, Youtube, etc)

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Memory illusion

False but subjectively compelling memory

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Echoic Memory

Auditory Sensory Memory

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The Role of Attention

To encode something, we must first attend it // allows people to focus on information in order to create memories.

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Encoding

Process of getting information into our memory banks Essentially to remember something we first need to make sure the information is in a format our memories can use. No encoding = No memory. Encoding is getting information into our memory banks

Mnemonic

A learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall

Next-In-Line effect

The cognitive bias that causes a person to have lower recall for events that happened right before or after a performance

Mnemonic methods

Pegword Method Method of Loci Keyword Method

Pegword Method

Rhyming is a key component of the pegword method (Associate each number in a list with a word that rhymes with the number. EX: one is a bun 1 two is a show 2 three is a tree 3)

Method of Loci

Relies of imagery of places (If you need to recall 10 words, imagine 10 locations along your route)

Storage

Process of Keeping information in memory

Schema

Is an organized knowledge structure or mental model that we've store in memory

Retrieval Cues

Hint that makes it easier for us to recall information

Retrieval

Reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores

Schema and Memory Mistakes

Our schema can lead us to biases and overgeneralizations, painting all members/chain of events of a category with the same broad brush.

Three ways psychologists assess people's memory in major ways (The Three Rs)

Recall Recognition Relearning

Recall

Generating previously remembered information (Think an exam in form of an essay)

Recognition

Selecting previously remembered information from an array of options (Think of an exam in form of multiple choice questions)

Relearning

Reacquiring knowledge that we'd previously learned but largely forgotten over time (Think when you've previously studied something and restudy it again, it comes back easily)

Law of distributed versus massed practice

Studying information in small increments over time (distributed) versus in long-term retention, so its better to spread out your studying in small increments over a brief amount of time

Encoding Specificity

Phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it

Tip-Of-The-Tongue (TOT) Phenomenon

(TOT) Experience in knowing that we know something but being unable to access it

Context-dependent learning

Superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context

Psychologists measure people’s memory abilities by assessing three capacities: __________.

recall, recognition, and relearning

A memory that is actually false but “feels real” and can be triggered by, for example, looking at a list of associated words, is called a(n) __________.

Memory Illusion

The Elusive Engram

The physical trace of each memory in the brain

Retrograde amnesia

Loss of memories from out past

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

(LTP) Gradual strengthening of the connections amon neurons from repetitive stimulation

Amygalda

Emotional component of memories

Anterograde amnesia

Inability to encode new memories from our experiences

The role of the Amygdala

The amygdala is where the emotional components of these and other memories, especially those governing fear are stored.

Hippocampus

Factual component of memories

The primary cognitive impairments in patients with Alzheimer’s disease are related to __________.

Language and memory

What is the general progression of memory loss for patients with Alzheimer's disease?

Memory for recent events fades first, with distant memories usually being the last to go

The connections among neurons gradually strengthen over time and do so by means of repetitive stimulation. This process is known as __________.

Long-term potentiation

Over time, children develop greater knowledge of their own memory abilities and limitations. The term used to describe this is _________.

Meta-Memory

There are various techniques available to help people improve their ability to recall material. For example, when you remember something new by connecting it mentally to something you already know, you are using __________.

Elaborative rehearsal

George Sperling's partial report method studies from the 1960s demonstrated that when a display of 12 letters was viewed, participants retained all of the letters in _____________ but not all of them could be transferred to short-term memory.

Sensory memory

Unintentional plagiarism has been attributed to __________, which occurs when someone says they forgot having been exposed to the plagiarized material earlier and thought they had created it themselves.

Cryptomnesia

Zhenya remembers that Edmonton is the capital of Alberta. Aline remembers that they lived in Edmonton when tehy were 12 years old. Zhenya is demonstrating _________ memory, whereas Alina is demonstrating __________ Memory.

Semantic; episodic

Without even noticing that you are doing it, what memory technique do you use to remember larger quantities of information, even though your short-term memory capacity only holds about nine bits of information?

Chunking

When we have encountered a stimulus before, we are able to identify it more quickly and easily. The term for this sub-type of implicit memory is __________.

Priming

Our memory for how to do things is called ________.

Procedural Memory

When we are not sure where a memory really came from (“Did it actually happen? Or was it all a dream?”) we can use cues such as how vivid and detailed the memory is to determine the answer. This process is called __________.

Source Monitoring

__________ allows you to remember auditory stimuli for up to 5 or 10 seconds.

Echoic Memory

Meta-Memory

Knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations

Infantile Amnesia

INability of adults to remember person experiencees that took place before an early age

Even before we are born, we can show signs of ___________ memory through habituation.

Implicit

Source monitoring confusion

Lack of clarity about the origin of a memory

Hypnotic age regression

In which therapists use hypnosis to "Return" clients to the psychological state of childhood

Imagination Inflation

Imagining an event inflates confidence in the likelihood that it occurred

Guided Imagery

In which therapist ask clients to imagine past events

Source Monitoring

Refers to our efforts to identify the origins (sources) of a memory

Suggestive Memory Technique

Procedure that encourages patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place

Misinformation effect

creations of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place

Flashbulb Memories

Emotional memory that is extraordinarily vivid and detailed

Event Plausibility

There are limits to how far we can go in implanting false memories

Scientists devise ____________ in order to ensure that the memories elicited in their false-memory-implantation experiments are actually false

Existence Proofe