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PSYCH 104 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Decay

A

Fading of information from memory over time

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2
Q

Interference

A

Loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information

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3
Q

When trying to recall an event, which of the following processes best describes how that takes place?

A

We actively reconstruct our memories using cues and information available to us.

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4
Q

In which memory system is information retained for the shortest amount of time?

A

Sensory Memory

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5
Q

What type of graph would be used to illustrate the primacy and recency effects?

A

Serial Position Curve

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6
Q

Priming

A

Our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we’ve encountered similar stimuli

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7
Q

Procedural memory

A

Memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits

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8
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Our knowledge of facts about the world

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9
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Recollection of events in our lives

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10
Q

Implicit memory

A

Memories we don’t deliberately remember or reflect on consciously

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10
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness

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11
Q

Procedural memory

A

Memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits

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12
Q

Types of Long-Term Memory

A

Semantic
Episodic
Explicit
Implicit

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13
Q

Serial Position Curve

A

Graph depicting both primacy and regency effects on people’s ability to recall items on a list

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14
Q

Recency Effect

A

Tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well

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15
Q

Permastore

A

Type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent

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16
Q

Primacy effect

A

Tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well

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17
Q

Long-Term memory

A

Relatively enduring (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills.

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18
Q

Short term Memory

A

Memory system that retains information for limited duration

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18
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Brief storage of perceptual informatin before it is passed to short-term memory

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19
Q

Iconic memory

A

Visual sensory information (In the case of TV, Youtube, etc)

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19
Q

Memory illusion

A

False but subjectively compelling memory

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20
Q

Echoic Memory

A

Auditory Sensory Memory

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20
Q

The Role of Attention

A

To encode something, we must first attend it // allows people to focus on information in order to create memories.

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21
Q

Encoding

A

Process of getting information into our memory banks

Essentially to remember something we first need to make sure the information is in a format our memories can use. No encoding = No memory. Encoding is getting information into our memory banks

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22
Q

Mnemonic

A

A learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall

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23
Q

Next-In-Line effect

A

The cognitive bias that causes a person to have lower recall for events that happened right before or after a performance

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24
Q

Mnemonic methods

A

Pegword Method
Method of Loci
Keyword Method

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24
Q

Pegword Method

A

Rhyming is a key component of the pegword method

(Associate each number in a list with a word that rhymes with the number. EX: one is a bun 1 two is a show 2 three is a tree 3)

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25
Q

Method of Loci

A

Relies of imagery of places

(If you need to recall 10 words, imagine 10 locations along your route)

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26
Q

Storage

A

Process of Keeping information in memory

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26
Q

Schema

A

Is an organized knowledge structure or mental model that we’ve store in memory

26
Q

Retrieval Cues

A

Hint that makes it easier for us to recall information

27
Q

Retrieval

A

Reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores

27
Q

Schema and Memory Mistakes

A

Our schema can lead us to biases and overgeneralizations, painting all members/chain of events of a category with the same broad brush.

27
Q

Three ways psychologists assess people’s memory in major ways (The Three Rs)

A

Recall
Recognition
Relearning

28
Q

Recall

A

Generating previously remembered information (Think an exam in form of an essay)

28
Q

Recognition

A

Selecting previously remembered information from an array of options (Think of an exam in form of multiple choice questions)

29
Q

Relearning

A

Reacquiring knowledge that we’d previously learned but largely forgotten over time

(Think when you’ve previously studied something and restudy it again, it comes back easily)

30
Q

Law of distributed versus massed practice

A

Studying information in small increments over time (distributed) versus in long-term retention, so its better to spread out your studying in small increments over a brief amount of time

31
Q

Encoding Specificity

A

Phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it

32
Q

Tip-Of-The-Tongue (TOT) Phenomenon

A

(TOT) Experience in knowing that we know something but being unable to access it

33
Q

Context-dependent learning

A

Superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context

34
Q

Psychologists measure people’s memory abilities by assessing three capacities: __________.

A

recall, recognition, and relearning

35
Q

A memory that is actually false but “feels real” and can be triggered by, for example, looking at a list of associated words, is called a(n) __________.

A

Memory Illusion

35
Q

The Elusive Engram

A

The physical trace of each memory in the brain

35
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Loss of memories from out past

35
Q

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

A

(LTP) Gradual strengthening of the connections amon neurons from repetitive stimulation

36
Q

Amygalda

A

Emotional component of memories

36
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to encode new memories from our experiences

37
Q

The role of the Amygdala

A

The amygdala is where the emotional components of these and other memories, especially those governing fear are stored.

37
Q

Hippocampus

A

Factual component of memories

38
Q

The primary cognitive impairments in patients with Alzheimer’s disease are related to __________.

A

Language and memory

38
Q

What is the general progression of memory loss for patients with Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Memory for recent events fades first, with distant memories usually being the last to go

38
Q

The connections among neurons gradually strengthen over time and do so by means of repetitive stimulation. This process is known as __________.

A

Long-term potentiation

39
Q

Over time, children develop greater knowledge of their own memory abilities and limitations. The term used to describe this is _________.

A

Meta-Memory

39
Q

There are various techniques available to help people improve their ability to recall material. For example, when you remember something new by connecting it mentally to something you already know, you are using __________.

A

Elaborative rehearsal

40
Q

George Sperling’s partial report method studies from the 1960s demonstrated that when a display of 12 letters was viewed, participants retained all of the letters in _____________ but not all of them could be transferred to short-term memory.

A

Sensory memory

40
Q

Unintentional plagiarism has been attributed to __________, which occurs when someone says they forgot having been exposed to the plagiarized material earlier and thought they had created it themselves.

A

Cryptomnesia

41
Q

Zhenya remembers that Edmonton is the capital of Alberta. Aline remembers that they lived in Edmonton when tehy were 12 years old. Zhenya is demonstrating _________ memory, whereas Alina is demonstrating __________ Memory.

A

Semantic; episodic

41
Q

Without even noticing that you are doing it, what memory technique do you use to remember larger quantities of information, even though your short-term memory capacity only holds about nine bits of information?

A

Chunking

42
Q

When we have encountered a stimulus before, we are able to identify it more quickly and easily. The term for this sub-type of implicit memory is __________.

A

Priming

43
Q

Our memory for how to do things is called ________.

A

Procedural Memory

43
Q

When we are not sure where a memory really came from (“Did it actually happen? Or was it all a dream?”) we can use cues such as how vivid and detailed the memory is to determine the answer. This process is called __________.

A

Source Monitoring

43
Q

__________ allows you to remember auditory stimuli for up to 5 or 10 seconds.

A

Echoic Memory

44
Q

Meta-Memory

A

Knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations

45
Q

Infantile Amnesia

A

INability of adults to remember person experiencees that took place before an early age

46
Q

Even before we are born, we can show signs of ___________ memory through habituation.

A

Implicit

46
Q

Source monitoring confusion

A

Lack of clarity about the origin of a memory

47
Q

Hypnotic age regression

A

In which therapists use hypnosis to “Return” clients to the psychological state of childhood

47
Q

Imagination Inflation

A

Imagining an event inflates confidence in the likelihood that it occurred

48
Q

Guided Imagery

A

In which therapist ask clients to imagine past events

48
Q

Source Monitoring

A

Refers to our efforts to identify the origins (sources) of a memory

49
Q

Suggestive Memory Technique

A

Procedure that encourages patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place

49
Q

Misinformation effect

A

creations of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place

50
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

Emotional memory that is extraordinarily vivid and detailed

50
Q

Event Plausibility

A

There are limits to how far we can go in implanting false memories

50
Q

Scientists devise ____________ in order to ensure that the memories elicited in their false-memory-implantation experiments are actually false

A

Existence Proofe

PSYCH 104 (11 decks)

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