Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is Psychology
Scientific Study of behavior, thought, and experience.
Science begins with the premise that knowledge should first be acquired through observation. This premise is called __________.
empiricism
A friend says he will not have his new baby inoculated against any childhood diseases because he is afraid the shots will cause autism. You point out that there is no scientific evidence to support that idea. He says he knows that, but he just feels it is true. What logical fallacy is at work?
Emotional reasoning fallacy
Wilhelm Wundt developed the first full-fledged psychological laboratory in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany. He pioneered the technique of __________, in which trained observers reflected on and reported on their own mental experiences.
introspection
British philosopher John Locke stood on the nurture side of the nature-nurture debate, comparing the mind of a newborn to a sheet of paper that had yet to be written on. Others later used which term to describe the same idea?
Tabula rasa
The outgoing behaviour of other people can make an extroverted person act even more extroverted. Albert Bandura called this mutual influence on one another’s behaviour __________.
reciprocal determinism
Ways of thinking that appear to make intuitive sense but are actually traps that lead to mistaken conclusions are called __________.
logical fallacies
In the 1950s and 1960s, many psychologists were disillusioned with behaviourism’s neglect of the mental processes involved in different aspects of thinking. Arguing that thinking has a powerful effect on behaviour, psychologists such as Jean Piaget began to develop the field of __________.
cognitivism
According to astronomer Carl Sagan, scientific skepticism includes (1) a willingness to keep an open mind to all claims, and (2) a willingness to __________.
accept claims only after researchers have subjected them to careful scientific tests
Which type of psychologist is most likely to work with patients who have serious mental disorders such as major depression?
Clinical psychologist
Psychics who perform poorly in laboratory tests and then blame their poor performance on “bad vibes” from skeptical researchers are displaying which sign of pseudoscience?
Ad hoc immunizing hypotheses
Twin and adoption studies addressing the nature-nurture debate are typically conducted by __________.
behaviour geneticists
The theoretical framework of psychology known as structuralism had two major problems. One was that highly trained introspectionists often disagreed on subjective reports. The other was the discovery of __________.
imageless thought
Research has shown that people are especially prone to find patterns of meaning in meaningless stimuli when they __________.
do not feel a sense of control
An approach to psychology that relied heavily on dream interpretation, symbolism, unconscious motives, and the suppression of sexual and aggressive urges was developed by __________.
Sigmund Freud
