Chapter 4

Question 1

Sensation

Answer 1

Information from sense organs

Question 2

Perception

Answer 2

interpretation of sensory information

Question 3

Illusion

Answer 3

Perception that does not match reality

Question 4

Transduction

Answer 4

process by which external stimulus is converted by a sense receptor into neural activity.

Question 5

Perception is an

Answer 5

interpretation of sensation

Question 6

Perception needs

Answer 6

sensation

Question 7

Perception changes

Answer 7

due to concept

Question 8

Absolute threshold

Answer 8

threshold of chance performance (50%) in the detection of a stimulus.

Question 9

(JND) Just noticeable difference

Answer 9

smallest amount of stimulus change that humans can detect.

Question 10

Webers law

Answer 10

Constant proportional relationship between JND and stimulus intensity

Question 11

Synesthesia

Answer 11

cross-model sensations

Question 12

Selective Attention

Answer 12

process of selecting sensory channel and ignoring/minimizing others.

Question 13

Atleast three Examples of Synesthesia

Answer 13

When you see something and can taste it at the same time

Color associated with numbers

Emotion associated with color (Auras)

Matching certains classes with colour (Math is orange)

We associate pain with colours

Colour from music

Question 14

Ignored/minimized stimuli

Answer 14

Still processes to some extent in some cases, we are aware of this information (E.g. Cocktail party effect)

Question 15

Cocktail party Effect

Answer 15

We pay attention to things we’re supposed to be ignoring. Ex: At a party having a one on one conversation, you however can hear other conversation. So despite ignoring other conversation, if you hear your name across the room the stimuli gets attracted and you tune in. So not all information gets ignored, we process it unconsciously. Ignored content somehow gets through.

Question 16

Inattentional Blindness

Answer 16

Stimuli that is in plain sight is not detected.

Question 17

Change blindness

Answer 17

Stimuli that changes that is not detected. /failure to detect change in your environments.

Question 18

Brightness

Answer 18

amount of light reflected back to the eye.

Question 19

Hue

Answer 19

wavelength of light perceived as colour

Question 20

Iris

Answer 20

Colored, controls how much light enters the eye through the pupil

Question 21

Pupil

Answer 21

Opening in the center of the iris where light enters the ye, can constrict or dilate.

Question 22

Cornea

Answer 22

Bends light towards the lens

Question 23

Lens

Answer 23

Elastic in nature (changes curvature) to reflect light to a region of the back of the eye called the retina, which is light sensitive.

Question 24

Myopia

Answer 24

longer eyeball

Question 25

Hyperopia

Answer 25

shorter eyeball

Question 26

Retina

Answer 26

Patch of sensory receptors (rods + cones) at the back of the eye

Question 27

Fovea

Answer 27

Receptors close to the center of the retina have greatest visual acuity (sharpness of vision).

Question 28

Rods

Answer 28

Sensitive to light. Absent in the fovea. Responsible for peripheral vision. (help see in the dark)

Question 29

Cones

Answer 29

sensitive to colour. Found in the fovea. Responsible for vision at the center of the visual.

Question 30

Rods are for

Answer 30

Darkness

Question 31

Cones are for

Answer 31

Colour

Question 32

Optic Nerve

Answer 32

Bundles of Axons from ganglion cells that exit the back of the eye

Question 33

Blind Spot

Answer 33

the hole the optic nerve exits from. (no optic nerves there, just a hole)

Question 34

Opponent-Process Theory

Answer 34

Opposing colours Explains afterimages

Question 35

Visual Agnosia

Answer 35

Object Recognition is impaired due to damage to visual association cortex.

Question 36

Prosopagnosia

Answer 36

Is impaired face recognition

Question 37

Sound

Answer 37

A wave of pressure caused by vibrations of objects. Physical properties of sound include pitch, loudness and timbre

Question 38

Pitch

Answer 38

Sound wave frequency (Hz)

Question 39

Loudness

Answer 39

Amplitude of the sound waves (dB)

Question 40

Timbre

Answer 40

Complexity of Sound.

Question 41

Amplitude

Answer 41

Height of the wave, Higher = Louder Lower= Quieter

Question 42

Outer Ear

Answer 42

-Helps to funnel sound towards the ear drum -Pinna (Skin and cartilage flap) -Ear Canal

Question 43

Middle Ear

Answer 43

-Eardrum (Tympanic Membrane) -Three Ossicles (Tiny bones) 1.Hammer (Malleus) 2. Anvil (Incus) 3.Stirrup (Stapes) -When sound waves hit membrane it starts to move -> Hits Hammer ->Anvil ->Stirrup and turns it to a neural response that the brain can understand

Question 44

Inner Ear

Answer 44

-Sensory Organ for sound wabes -Cochlea contains the basilar membrane and Organ of Corti

Question 45

Place Theory

Answer 45

Location along the basilar membrane matches tone and pitch

Question 46

Frequency Theory

Answer 46

Rate of action potentials related to pitch -Rate for neural soundwaves depict sound to our brain?

Question 47

Olfaction

Answer 47

Smell

Question 48

Gustation

Answer 48

Taste

Question 49

Odors

Answer 49

Airborn chemicals that interact with lining in the nasal passages.

Question 50

5 types of Taste

Answer 50

Sweet, Salty, Sour, bitter, Umami

Question 51

Pheromones

Answer 51

Odorless Chemicals that serve as a social signal to members of the same species.

Question 52

Somatosensory

Answer 52

Responds to stimuli on the skin, temperature, and injury

Question 53

Proprioception

Answer 53

Kinesthetic Sense Good athletes, dancers, will have enhanced proprioception

Question 54

Vestibular Sense

Answer 54

Equilibrium and Balance