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PSYCH 104 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Two systems of thinking

A

System 1: Intuitive System 2: Analytical/rational

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2
Q

System 1: Intuitive

A

Fast

Little effort

Can be faulty

Thoughts can arise from feeling/emotion

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3
Q

System 2: Analytical/rational

A

Slow

Effortful

Problem Solving

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4
Q

Scientific Method

A

Variable(s) are: Measurable constructs (e.g., height, wight) and are operationally defined.

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5
Q

Operational definition

A

What the variable is and how it will be measured.

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6
Q

Measures Reliability

A

Consistent results
Test-retest reliability: Consistent similar results though re-test.

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7
Q

Measures Validity

A

Measure what is intended

Make sure the test/tool used measures what it’s meant to measure

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8
Q

Naturalistic Observation
Positives and negatives

A

Observe behavior in real-world setting

-High external validity (Generalizable)

-Low internal validity (Can’t infer cause-and-effect)

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9
Q

Case Study
Positives and negatives

A

Specific individuals observed for the study
-Uncommon Phenomenon can be examined

-Lacks generalizability

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10
Q

Self-report and surveys
Positives and Negatives

A

Participants reflect on their own characteristics and provide their views

-Quick way to gather large amounts of data

-Potential for biased or dishonest responses

-Concerns with survey question wording

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11
Q

Observer Report:

A

Observer Reports are simple, informational reports. In most cases, a 1 page report or a couple of paragraphs that list the “headlines”

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12
Q

Halo and Horns effect

A

Halo:After rating someone as having a positive characteristics, there is a tendency to then perceive other characteristics in a positive way.

Horns: After rating someone as having a negative characteristic, there is a tendency to then perceive other characteristics in a negative way.

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13
Q

Correlation
Positives and Negatives

A

-Measures the association between two variables

-Identifies if, and how variables are associated

-Can’t infer cause-and-effect

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14
Q

-Positive Correlation

A

High Values of one variable associated with high values for the other variable. (They correlate and the variables go in the same direction)

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15
Q

-Negative Correlation:

A

high values of one variable associated with low values for the other variable.

(They correlate but the variables do NOT go in the same direction)

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16
Q

-Zero Correlation

A

Values for one variable are not associated with values of the other variable (No correlation at all) (No pattern)

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17
Q

Perception of an association where none exists (Bringing your lucky pen to an exam)

A

Illusory Correlation:

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18
Q

Establishes a causal relationship between variables through:

1)Random assignment

2)Manipulation of independent variable

A

Experimental Design

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19
Q

Independent and Dependent Variable

A

Independent Variable: Variable manipulated

Dependent Variable: Measured to determine whether the manipulation of independent variable has any effect

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20
Q

Rule of thumb, a mental shortcut. works with system 1 of thinking

A

heuristic

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21
Q

Which term refers to the type of descriptive statistic that tells us where the scores tend to cluster in a set of measurements

A

Central tendency

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22
Q

When we perceive a reliable association between two events (although none exists), such as the presence of rainy weather and arthritis flare-ups, we are experiencing the phenomenon called __________.

A

illusory correlation

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23
Q

Which ethical procedure is being followed when researchers let test subjects know what they are likely to encounter during an experiment before the subjects agree to participate?

A

Informed consent

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24
Q

To be sure that we are not fooled by popular media reports about psychology research, we should be on the lookout for __________.

A

sharpening and levelling

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25
Q

You want to design a study that will be high in internal validity and will allow you to infer causation. Which research design should you use?

A

Experimental design

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26
Q

A central issue in considering medical and psychological research using animals is balancing the advances gained through such experimentation against __________.

A

the costs in death and suffering they produce for the test subjects

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27
Q

The process of soliciting feedback from qualified experts in a research area prior to publishing the results of a research study is called __________.

A

peer review

28
Q

We say that a result has practical significance if it __________.

A

makes a difference in the real world

29
Q

Dr. Sardonicus is designing a case study in order to demonstrate that a particular psychological phenomenon actually happens. Case studies can be useful in providing this kind of demonstration, also known as __________.

A

existence proof

30
Q

Which term describes a curved line on a graph that can be bell shaped, negatively skewed, or positively skewed?

A

Distribution curve

31
Q

The Tri-Council Policy Statement indicates that psychologists must take reasonable steps to __________.

A

avoid harming participants

32
Q

You are reading an article in a psychology journal that has an accompanying, two-dimensional graph with dots representing data from individual people. This is called a __________.

A

scatterplot

33
Q

Because carefully controlled studies generate more trustworthy results, the high internal validity of these studies can lead to __________.
A.

A

high external validity

34
Q

The two kinds of statistics used by psychologists are descriptive statistics and __________ statistics.

A

inferential

35
Q

Which group at every major college and university reviews all research carefully to protect participants against potential abuses?

A

Investigative research board

36
Q

The type of thinking that allows us to operate on “autopilot” and make snap decisions is called __________.

A

intuitive

37
Q

Questionnaires fall into which category of measurement tools?

A

Self-report measures

38
Q

Megan wanted to get a measure of the amount of variability in her set of data, so she subtracted the lowest score from the highest score. Megan computed the __________.

A

range

39
Q

What is one benefit of the case study method of research?

A

It provides existence proofs.

40
Q

For psychologists, what is the central question concerning the use of polygraphs?

A

Do they have high validity?

41
Q

Confounding Variable

A

A variable that you didn’t expect that impacts your Findings

42
Q

Placebo Effect:

A

Improvement because of one’s expectation for improvement.

43
Q

Nocebo Effect

A

Harm due to the expectation of harm. (Opposite of placebo, instead of thinking there was improvement there was harm)

44
Q

Experimenter Expectancy Effect

A

Researcher’s expectations influence the outcome of the findings.

45
Q

How to prevent Experimenter Expectancy Effect

A

Prevent this by conducting a “double blind” study in which both the participant and researcher are unaware who gets treatment

46
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Responses are influenced by the participants’ assumption as to what the hypothesis is. Participant starts responding off of assumption of what the study is all about.

47
Q

How to prevent Demand Characteristics

A

Reduce the possibility of this occurring by disguising the study’s purpose

48
Q

Research Ethics Board (REB)

A

made up of a minimum of 5 individuals

4 are a part of the research, 1 is a community member

Always have to model your study/research to be allowed by the REB

49
Q

Informed Consent

A

Participants need to understand what is involved before they participate to the study.

50
Q

Protection from harm and discomfort

A

they have to leave the same way they came

51
Q

Debriefing

A

At the end of the study, the participants will be informed completely of what the study is and what the results will be used for. Admit any deception.

52
Q

Canadian Councial on Animal Care (CCAC)

A

Majority of animal research is conducted with rodents and birds

Concerns with how findings generalize to humans.

53
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Numerical summary of the data set analysis

54
Q

Mean

A

Average Score

55
Q

Median

A

middle score

56
Q

Mode

A

most frequently occurring score

57
Q

Negative Skew

A

will show that it was a Easy exam down up

58
Q

Positive Skew

A

will show it was a Harder Exam up down

59
Q

Bell Curve

A

shows average upside down U

60
Q

Inferential statistics

A

tests the difference between the experimental and control groups

61
Q

Statistical significance

A

often set to a probability of p<.05

62
Q

The two Types of Statistics

A

Inferential statistics and Descriptive Statistics

63
Q

An unmeasured variable causes an observed correlation between two other variables. Which term best characterizes this phenomenon?

A

Third variable problem

64
Q

What does the mode represent?

A

Central tendency

65
Q

Which term refers to the measure of dispersion that takes into account how far each data point is from the mean?

A

Standard deviation

PSYCH 104 (11 decks)

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