MIDTERM 2 Flashcards
What is the term for an abnormal protein that causes disease in animals and humans?
Prion
What is the term for the ecological location an organism inhabits?
Ecological niche
What are the most common sites for microbial colonization in the human body?
Skin and mucous membranes
Name 5 factors that affect the type and number of microorganisms in habitats?
- pH
- Temperature
- Nutrients
- Toxins
- Other microbes
Name 4 sterile compartments of the human body
- CNS
- Heart
- Kidneys
- Peritoneal cavity
What is the term for microorganisms that cause disease in almost any individual they infect?
True pathogens
What is the term for microorganisms that do not cause disease in healthy individuals?
Opportunistic pathogens
What makes Clostridia bacteria pathogenic to humans?
Exotoxin release
What do opportunistic bacteria release when they die?
Endotoxins
Where is cholera contracted from?
Contaminated water
Name 6 infections that are only found in human reservoirs
- STIs
- Measles
- Mumps
- Polio
- Mumps
- Streptococcal infection
- Smallpox
What is the term for a living organism that carries an infecting particle during part of its life cycle?
Biological vector
What is the term for anything that carries an infecting microorganism passively on its surface?
Mechanical vector
With ingestion, where is the portal of entry?
Any part of the digestive tract
What are fomites?
Objects that can act as reservoirs
True or false: the portal of entry is always the same as the site of infection
False
What are 2 terms for the capacity of an infectious particle to cause disease manifestations?
- Pathogenicity
- Virulence
What is the difference between pathogenicity and virulence?
A particle is either pathogenic or not; virulence describes pathogenicity
What is the term for molecular features of a particle that cause injury
(e.g. enzymes, toxins, adhesion proteins, motility structures, spikes, slime, capsules)
Virulence factors
Define inoculin
Infectious material
What is the term for the amount of infectious material required for infection to occur?
Infectious dose
What kind of organisms are involved in non-communicable infections?
Organisms belonging to the individual’s own microflora
What is the term for the state in which a microbe is harboured without obvious symptoms?
Carrier state
What is the term for a carrier in whom the infection is at an early stage?
Incubation carrier
What is the term for a carrier in whom residual microbes are present following treatment?
Convalescent carrier
What is the term for a carrier that harbours a pathogen due to peculiarities of their physiology?
Chronic carrier
What is the term for an abnormal physiologic, pathologic, and biochemical syndrome characterized by dysregulated compensatory responses?
Sepsis
What is the term for novel infectious diseases that are resistant to antibiotics?
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)
Name 4 stages of sepsis
- Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
- Sepsis
- Severe sepsis
- Septic shock
Name 4 criteria of SIRS
- Increased temperature
- Increased respiration
- Increased heart rate
- Increased WBC
- Decreased PCO2
Name 2 criteria of sepsis
- 2 SIRS
- Confirmed or suspected infection
Name 4 criteria of severe sepsis
- Confirmed sepsis
- Signs of end organ damage
- Hypotension
- Increased lactate
Name 4 criteria of septic shock
- Severe sepsis, with persistent:
- Signs of end organ damage
- Hypotension
- Increased lactate
What causes hypotension in severe sepsis and septic shock?
Systemic vascular permeability
What is the most common condition to cause sepsis?
Pneumonia
