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TERM 2 BIOL2192 PATHO 1 > MIDTERM 2 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for an abnormal protein that causes disease in animals and humans?

A

Prion

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2
Q

What is the term for the ecological location an organism inhabits?

A

Ecological niche

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3
Q

What are the most common sites for microbial colonization in the human body?

A

Skin and mucous membranes

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4
Q

Name 5 factors that affect the type and number of microorganisms in habitats?

A
  1. pH
  2. Temperature
  3. Nutrients
  4. Toxins
  5. Other microbes
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5
Q

Name 4 sterile compartments of the human body

A
  1. CNS
  2. Heart
  3. Kidneys
  4. Peritoneal cavity
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6
Q

What is the term for microorganisms that cause disease in almost any individual they infect?

A

True pathogens

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7
Q

What is the term for microorganisms that do not cause disease in healthy individuals?

A

Opportunistic pathogens

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8
Q

What makes Clostridia bacteria pathogenic to humans?

A

Exotoxin release

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9
Q

What do opportunistic bacteria release when they die?

A

Endotoxins

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10
Q

Where is cholera contracted from?

A

Contaminated water

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11
Q

Name 6 infections that are only found in human reservoirs

A
  1. STIs
  2. Measles
  3. Mumps
  4. Polio
  5. Mumps
  6. Streptococcal infection
  7. Smallpox
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12
Q

What is the term for a living organism that carries an infecting particle during part of its life cycle?

A

Biological vector

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13
Q

What is the term for anything that carries an infecting microorganism passively on its surface?

A

Mechanical vector

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14
Q

With ingestion, where is the portal of entry?

A

Any part of the digestive tract

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15
Q

What are fomites?

A

Objects that can act as reservoirs

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16
Q

True or false: the portal of entry is always the same as the site of infection

A

False

17
Q

What are 2 terms for the capacity of an infectious particle to cause disease manifestations?

A
  1. Pathogenicity
  2. Virulence
18
Q

What is the difference between pathogenicity and virulence?

A

A particle is either pathogenic or not; virulence describes pathogenicity

19
Q

What is the term for molecular features of a particle that cause injury

(e.g. enzymes, toxins, adhesion proteins, motility structures, spikes, slime, capsules)

A

Virulence factors

20
Q

Define inoculin

A

Infectious material

21
Q

What is the term for the amount of infectious material required for infection to occur?

A

Infectious dose

22
Q

What kind of organisms are involved in non-communicable infections?

A

Organisms belonging to the individual’s own microflora

23
Q

What is the term for the state in which a microbe is harboured without obvious symptoms?

A

Carrier state

24
Q

What is the term for a carrier in whom the infection is at an early stage?

A

Incubation carrier

25
Q

What is the term for a carrier in whom residual microbes are present following treatment?

A

Convalescent carrier

26
Q

What is the term for a carrier that harbours a pathogen due to peculiarities of their physiology?

A

Chronic carrier

27
Q

What is the term for an abnormal physiologic, pathologic, and biochemical syndrome characterized by dysregulated compensatory responses?

A

Sepsis

28
Q

What is the term for novel infectious diseases that are resistant to antibiotics?

A

Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)

29
Q

Name 4 stages of sepsis

A
  1. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
  2. Sepsis
  3. Severe sepsis
  4. Septic shock
30
Q

Name 4 criteria of SIRS

A
  1. Increased temperature
  2. Increased respiration
  3. Increased heart rate
  4. Increased WBC
  5. Decreased PCO2
31
Q

Name 2 criteria of sepsis

A
  1. 2 SIRS
  2. Confirmed or suspected infection
32
Q

Name 4 criteria of severe sepsis

A
  1. Confirmed sepsis
  2. Signs of end organ damage
  3. Hypotension
  4. Increased lactate
33
Q

Name 4 criteria of septic shock

A
  1. Severe sepsis, with persistent:
  2. Signs of end organ damage
  3. Hypotension
  4. Increased lactate
34
Q

What causes hypotension in severe sepsis and septic shock?

A

Systemic vascular permeability

35
Q

What is the most common condition to cause sepsis?

A

Pneumonia

TERM 2 BIOL2192 PATHO 1 (11 decks)

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