Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

TERM 2 BIOL2192 PATHO 1 > CH 10 NEOPLASIA > Flashcards

CH 10 NEOPLASIA Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for the process by which a normal cell becomes a neoplastic cell?

A

Cell transformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the location of cell DNA mutations that cause neoplasia

A

In specific gene loci that alter cellular function in fundamental ways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name some examples of neoplastic alterations of cell function

A
  1. DNA repair
  2. Growth regulation
  3. Differentiation
  4. Cell division
  5. Apoptosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why do neoplastic cell populations display heterogeneity?

A

Instability of neoplastic cell genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the term for the process by which normal cells become malignant?

A

Carcinogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name 4 stages of tumour development

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Promotion
  3. Malignant conversion
  4. Progression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the term for chemicals that induce neoplastic changes?

A

Initiating agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What initiating agent is found in by products of combustion?

A

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What initiating agents are associated with food preservation and some artificial food dyes?

A

Nitrosamines and aromatic amines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which are 2 other initiators that are not chemicals?

A

Ionizing radiation and viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is involved in tumor promotion?

A

Stimulation of cell division of initiated cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why is rapid cell division dangerous?

A

Higher rate of error and higher diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which cells in a diverse cell population will thrive best?

A

Those with highest proliferation rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What makes a substance a tumour promoter?

A

Alter intracellular signalling systems that control cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name some examples of chemical promoters

A
  1. Benzoyl peroxide
  2. Phenol
  3. Estrogens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name some non-chemical promoting factors

A
  1. UV light
  2. Tissue irritation
  3. Bile acids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is another term for initiators

A

Mutagens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is malignant conversion?

A

Further genetic mutations in destabilized cells of promoted cell masses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What may cause a tumour to regress?

A

Exposure to promoting factor ceases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is tumour progression?

A

Acquisition of malignantly aggressive traits through natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name 5 examples of invasive phenotypic traits

A
  1. Proteases
  2. Genomic instability
  3. Loss of tumour suppression
  4. Immunological resistance
  5. Loss of cell binding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two categories of causes for neoplasia?

A

Endogenous (genetic) and exogenous (environmental)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which causes of neoplasia are more significant?

A

Environmental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does ionizing radiation relate to neoplasm?

A

Cause breaks in DNA strands, increasing rate of mutagenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are environmental carcinogens that act synergistically?

A

Co-carcinogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are chemical carcinogens that must first undergo metabolic activation by the cell in order for them to initiate/promote tumour development?

A

Pro-carcinogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which WHO agency manages the full list of carcinogens and classifications?

A

International agency for research on cancer (IARC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which group of carcinogens has the strongest association with cancer?

A

Group I carcinogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define alkylating agents

A

Compounds that covalently link alkyl groups to biomolecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How do alkylating agents alter cells?

A

Formation of cross-linking between strands of DNA, causing altered transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are 4 places alkylating agents are found?

A
  1. Industrial processes
  2. Nature
  3. Anti-neoplastic drugs
  4. Cancer research
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is a malignancy that arises as a result of treatment of a pre-existing malignancy?

A

Secondary malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Name 2 sources of nitrosamines

A
  1. Nicotine
  2. Meat preservatives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What kind of cancers are associated with nitrosamines?

A

GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the toxin found in Aspergillus?

A

Aflatoxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Name 3 examples of carcinogenic metals

A

Cadmium, chromium, nickel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are molecules that acquire electrons from other molecules?

A

Oxidants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

When would a molecule be considered oxidized?

A

When it loses electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What gives molecules capacity to strip electrons from other molecules?

A

Characteristics of electrons in outer orbital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

When is oxidation present in normal biological processes?

A

Transfer of energy from bonds of energy substrates (e.g. fat, carbs, proteins)

41
Q

Why is oxidative damage important in carcinogenic processes?

A

Denaturation of proteins, DNA mutation

42
Q

What is unique about free radicals?

A

Have unpaired electron in fourth quantum number (spin number), which makes them more reactive

43
Q

What are 3 sources of free radicals in cells?

A

Air, food, conversion

44
Q

What are 3 structures in cells that generate reactive oxygen species?

A
  1. Mitochondria
  2. Peroxisomes
  3. Endoplasmic reticulum
45
Q

What are 3 examples of DNA damage caused by oxidation?

A

Deletions, cross linking, strand breaks

46
Q

What homeostasis is necessary in cells to prevent carcinogenesis?

A

Between oxidative DNA injury and DNA repair

47
Q

What 2 things may tilt the balance toward carcinogenic changes?

A
  1. More intense exposure to oxidation
  2. Reduced capacity to defend against normal oxidation
48
Q

What may complicate patterns of cancer inheritance?

A
  1. Involvement of multiple alleles
  2. Gene-environment interactions
49
Q

What are genes that, when mutated, are strongly linked to carcinogenesis?

A

Oncogenes

50
Q

What are oncogenes that are not mutated?

A

Proto-oncogenes or cellular oncogenes

51
Q

What are viruses that insert a viral oncogene into host cells?

A

Oncogenic viruses

52
Q

What causes metaplasia?

A

Chronic irritation to tissues

53
Q

What makes dysplasia different from metaplasia?

A

Abnormal morphology (e.g. shape, size, nucleus/organelles, division)

54
Q

Why do pathologists classify dysplasia using morphological criteria?

A

Determine probability of tissue proceeding to necrosis or transformation

55
Q

What is the term for diverse and abnormal morphology upon microscopic examination?

A

Pleiomorphism

56
Q

What is the term for the state of interrupted or diverted differentiation?

A

Anaplasia

57
Q

How is anaplasia related to malignancy?

A

The less differentiated, the more malignant

58
Q

What are some examples of anaplastic protein products?

A
  1. Lung carcinomas secreting ADH
  2. Neoplasms producing fetal proteins
59
Q

Why is the decreased cell adhesion of neoplastic cells significant?

A

Loss of normal contact inhibition

60
Q

Name 5 factors that influence tumour growth rate

A
  1. Cell type
  2. Level of differentiation
  3. Vascularization
  4. Anti-tumour response
  5. Hormones
61
Q

What is another term to describe growth rate?

A

Cellular doubling time

62
Q

Name 7 ways benign tumours are different from malignant tumours

A
  1. Cells resemble parent tissue
  2. Few mitotic figures
  3. Grow slowly
  4. Well-organized
  5. Encapsulated
  6. Less vascularized
  7. Less complications
63
Q

Name 4 ways benign tumours can cause serious complications

A
  1. Pressure atrophy
  2. Obstruction
  3. Compression of cranium/spinal cord
  4. Transformation
64
Q

Name 6 ways malignant tumours are different from benign tumours

A
  1. Little resemblance to parent tissue
  2. Abnormal/weak cohesiveness
  3. Spread in “fingers”
  4. Abnormal mitotic figures
  5. Well vascularized
  6. No capsule
65
Q

What happens after tumour emboli enter the bloodstream?

A

Become entrapped in capillary networks and establish a secondary tumour

66
Q

How do malignant tumours develop their own blood supply?

A

Tumour angiogenesis factors

67
Q

What kind of tissues are favoured as the target of tumour emboli?

A

Soft tissues (e.g. lung, liver)

68
Q

Name 6 effects of malignant tumours

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Mechanical pressure/obstruction
  3. Enzymatic destruction
  4. Hemorrhage/anemia
  5. Starvation/cachexia
  6. Hormone abnormalities
69
Q

What are 3 ways malignancy can affect blood?

A
  1. Erosion of blood vessels: slow blood loss
  2. Bone marrow neoplasia: suppression of hematopoiesis/thrombopoiesis
  3. Metastases to bone marrow
70
Q

How does liver malignancy contribute to anemia?

A

Reduced synthesis of coagulation factors

71
Q

How does kidney malignancy contribute to anemia?

A

Impaired production of erythropoietin

72
Q

How does intestinal malignancy contribute to anemia?

A

Reduced absorption of vitamin B12 (required for erythropoiesis)

73
Q

How does impaired immune reactions as a result of malignancy contribute to anemia?

A

Hemolysis of blood cells

74
Q

What is another process associated with malignancy that leads to hemolysis of blood cells?

A

Activation of cytokines

75
Q

Name 3 ways mutated cells die

A
  1. Apoptosis
  2. Necrosis
  3. Autophagy
76
Q

What is the term for spontaneous resolution of malignancy without treatment?

A

Spontaneous regression

77
Q

What is the term for ongoing detection abnormal antigens?

A

Immune surveillance

78
Q

What is the term for cell-mediated removal of abnormal cells?

A

Immuno-editing

79
Q

What is the term for imperfect activation of the immune system so it holds the tumour at bay without entirely destroying it?

A

Immune equilibrium

80
Q

What is the term for when mutations completely block the immune system from being able to detect/destroy abnormal cells?

A

Immune escape

81
Q

Why are oncofetal proteins expressed by neoplastic cells, and what is one example?

A

Cells fail to differentiate fully; alpha-fetoprotein

82
Q

Name one example of malignancy caused by viral infection

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma (EBV)

83
Q

Neoplasm classification is generally based on what 2 things?

A

Cell of origin, benign/malignant

84
Q

What are the 2 categories of solid tumours, and what are their origins?

A

Carcinomas: Epithelium
Sarcomas: Mesoderm

85
Q

Name 4 methods for biopsy analysis

A
  1. Cellular
  2. Chemical (staining)
  3. Immunological (antigens)
  4. Molecular (DNA/proteins)
86
Q

Name 3 biopsy techniques

A
  1. Fine needle aspiration
  2. Large bore needle
  3. Excision
87
Q

What does TNM refer to?

A

T: tumour (size and extent)
N: nodes
M: metastasis

88
Q

Name 4 principles of cancer therapy

A
  1. Chemo is best against small active tumours with rapid division and extensive blood supply
  2. Surgery can improve the effectiveness of chemo
  3. Adjuvant chemotherapy can help by reducing mico-metastases
  4. Combination therapy permits the use of lower doses of each individual drug to reduce damage
89
Q

Name 4 surgical techniques

A
  1. Cryosurgery
  2. Electrosurgery
  3. Chemosurgery
  4. Laser
90
Q

What is the term for internal radiation that involves implanting a radioactive device in/near the tumour?

A

Brachytherapy

91
Q

Why do common side effects of radiation include hair loss, stomatitis, malabsorption, anemia, and hemorrhage?

A

Tissues that replace themselves quickly are more affected by the radiation

92
Q

Name 4 purposes of chemotherapy

A
  1. Reduce tumour size
  2. Improve effectiveness of other treatment
  3. Reduce metastases
  4. Reduce pain
93
Q

Name 3 categories of chemo drugs

A
  1. Traditional highly toxic, low specificity
  2. High specificity
  3. Immune mediators
94
Q

Name two kinds of cytotoxic drugs

A
  1. Cell cycle non-specific agents
  2. Cell cycle specific agents
95
Q

Name 3 groups of cell cycle specific agents

A

Alkylating agents
Anti metabolites
Antibiotics

96
Q

What does it mean that traditional cytotoxic drugs have a therapeutic index of 1?

A

The therapeutic dose is the same as the toxic dose

97
Q

What are some cellular phenotypes that allow malignancy to become resistant to treatment?

A
  1. Rapid DNA repair
  2. Rapid drug elimination
  3. Drug target alteration
  4. Cell death inhibition
98
Q

Name 2 kinds of highly specific chemotherapy drugs

A
  1. Lab synthesized monoclonal antibodies
  2. Intracellular enzyme inhibitors
99
Q

What is the goal of immune therapy?

A

Induce the immune system to recognize and attack tumour cells

TERM 2 BIOL2192 PATHO 1 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions