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TERM 2 BIOL2192 PATHO 1 > CH 8 ANTIBIOTICS > Flashcards

CH 8 ANTIBIOTICS Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 kinds of antibiotics, based on how they affect bacterial cells?

A
  1. Inhibit cell wall synthesis
  2. Inhibit protein synthesis
  3. Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
  4. Disrupt cell membrane
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2
Q

What are 4 groups of antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A
  1. Penicillins
  2. Carbapenems
  3. Cephalosporins
  4. Glycopeptides
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3
Q

Which 3 groups of antibiotics are considered beta-lactams?

A
  1. Penicillins
  2. Carbapenems
  3. Cephalosporins
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4
Q

When was penicillin discovered?

A

1928

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5
Q

What is a major source of penicillins?

A

Penicillium chrysogenum

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6
Q

What are 3 components of a penicillin?

A
  1. Thiazolidine ring
  2. Beta-lactam ring
  3. Variable side chain
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7
Q

What do beta-lactams do?

A

Inhibit synthesis of peptidoglycans

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8
Q

Name 3 groups of penicillins

A
  1. Penicillinase susceptible
  2. Penicillinase susceptible with activity against gram negative bacteria (semi-synthetic)
  3. Penicillinase resistant
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9
Q

Which penicillins are best against gram positive cocci?

A

Penicillin G and V

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10
Q

Why are penicillin G and V not effective against gram negative cocci?

A

They cannot penetrate the outer membrane of the cell.

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11
Q

Name a penicillinase resistant penicillin that is also a beta-lactamase inhibitor

A

Amoxicillin-clavulanate

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12
Q

Which carbapenem is a broad spectrum beta lactam?

A

Imipenem

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13
Q

What group of antibiotics are the majority of antibiotics administered?

A

Cephalosporins

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14
Q

What are the 4 gens of cephalosporins?

A
  1. For gram positive cocci
  2. For gram negative cocci
  3. Broad spectrum, beta lactamase resistant
  4. Broad spectrum, semi synthetic
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15
Q

Name 2 examples of 4th gen cephalosporins?

A

Ceftriaxone, cefepime

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16
Q

Name 2 examples of glycopeptides

A

Vancomycin, teicoplanin

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17
Q

What is vancomycin used for?

A

Narrow spectrum, for penicillin/methicillin-resistant staph infections.

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18
Q

What bacteria does vancomycin originate from?

A

Streptomyces

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19
Q

What is a negative aspect of using vancomycin?

A

Very toxic

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20
Q

Name some other examples of antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis

A
  1. Azeotreonam
  2. Bacitracin
  3. Fosfomycin trimethamine
  4. Synercid
  5. Isoniazad
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21
Q

What is azeotreonam used for?

A

Narrow spectrum, gram negative aerobic bacteria. For patient allergic to penicillins.

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22
Q

What formulation is bacitracin common found in?

A

Neosporin

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23
Q

What is fosfomycin used for?

A

UTIs

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24
Q

What is synercid used for?

A

Endocarditis and post op infections caused by staph or enterococcus

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25
What is isoniazid used for?
TB
26
What are 5 groups of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis?
1. Aminoglycosides 2. Macrolides 3. Tetracyclines 4. Lincomycins 5. Oxazolidinones
27
How do aminoglycosides disrupt protein synthesis?
Insert on ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA
28
What kind of infections are aminoglycosides used for?
Broad spectrum
29
Describe the structure of aminoglycosides
Aminocyclitol ring with 2 or more amino sugars
30
What bacteria do aminoglycosides originate from?
Streptomyces, Micromonospora
31
Name some examples of aminoglycosides
1. Gentamicin 2. Tobramycin 3. Amikacin 4. Streptomycin
32
What is gentamicin useful in treating?
Gram negative rods
33
Why is gentamicin a desirable antibiotic?
Less toxic
34
What is streptomycin used for?
TB, tularemia, plague
35
What is the origin of the macrolides group?
Streptomyces
36
Name some examples of macrolides
Erythromycin, clarithomycin, azithromycin
37
How does erythromycin disrupt protein synthesis?
Blocks translocation of the mRNA strand within the ribosome
38
What are the advantages of erythromycin?
Broad spectrum, low toxicity
39
Describe the structure of erythromycin
Lactone ring, sugars
40
How do tetracyclines disrupt protein synthesis?
Bind to ribosomal A-acceptor site, block tRNAs from binding
41
What is an advantage of tetracyclines?
Broad spectrum
42
What are some examples of tetracyclines?
Tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline
43
What is one example of a lincomycin?
Clindamycin
44
What is clindamycin used for?
Broad spectrum, for serious anaerobic abdo infections
45
Where does clindamycin originate from?
Streptomyces
46
How do oxazolidinones disrupt protein synthesis?
Stop initiation by blocking ribosomes from joining around mRNA
47
What is an example of an oxazolidinone?
Linezolid
48
What is linezolid used for?
MRSA, VRE
49
What is another drug that interferes with protein synthesis?
Chloramphenicol
50
How does chloramphenicol interfere with protein synthesis?
Blocks formation of peptide bonds
51
Where does chloramphenicol originate?
Streptomyces venezuela, but now synthetic
52
What is a disadvantage of chloramphenicol?
Toxic, can irreversibly damage bone marrow
53
What are 2 groups of antibiotics that interfere with nucleic acid synthesis?
Sulfonamides, quinolones
54
How do sulfonamides interfere with nucleic acid synthesis?
Bind to and deactivate enzymes required for DNA/RNA synthesis
55
When were sulfonamides discovered?
1909
56
What is the advantage to quinolones?
Broad spectrum
57
Name some examples of quinolones
Ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, sparfloxacin, levofloxacin
58
What are some other examples of drugs that interfere with nucleic acid synthesis?
Metronidazole Rifampicin Bleomycin
59
What makes rifampicin narrow spectrum?
Cannot pass through many cell membranes
60
Where does rifampicin originate from?
Streptomyces
61
What is bleomycin used in9/.?
Chemotherapy
62
Name 3 drugs that disrupt cell membranes
Polymyxin, amphotericin B, nystatin
63
How does polymyxin disrupt cell membranes?
Detergent-like activity: Interacts with phospholipids to cause leaking in gram negative bacteria
64
What is polymyxin used for?
Narrow spectrum, Drug resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa, UTI
65
What is a disadvantage to using polymyxin?
Kidney toxicity
66
How does amphotericin B and nystatin disrupt cell membrane?
Bonds to sterols on fungal membranes

TERM 2 BIOL2192 PATHO 1 (11 decks)

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