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TERM 2 BIOL2192 PATHO 1 > CH 8 ANTIBIOTICS > Flashcards

CH 8 ANTIBIOTICS Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 kinds of antibiotics, based on how they affect bacterial cells?

A
  1. Inhibit cell wall synthesis
  2. Inhibit protein synthesis
  3. Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
  4. Disrupt cell membrane
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2
Q

What are 4 groups of antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A
  1. Penicillins
  2. Carbapenems
  3. Cephalosporins
  4. Glycopeptides
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3
Q

Which 3 groups of antibiotics are considered beta-lactams?

A
  1. Penicillins
  2. Carbapenems
  3. Cephalosporins
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4
Q

When was penicillin discovered?

A

1928

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5
Q

What is a major source of penicillins?

A

Penicillium chrysogenum

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6
Q

What are 3 components of a penicillin?

A
  1. Thiazolidine ring
  2. Beta-lactam ring
  3. Variable side chain
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7
Q

What do beta-lactams do?

A

Inhibit synthesis of peptidoglycans

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8
Q

Name 3 groups of penicillins

A
  1. Penicillinase susceptible
  2. Penicillinase susceptible with activity against gram negative bacteria (semi-synthetic)
  3. Penicillinase resistant
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9
Q

Which penicillins are best against gram positive cocci?

A

Penicillin G and V

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10
Q

Why are penicillin G and V not effective against gram negative cocci?

A

They cannot penetrate the outer membrane of the cell.

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11
Q

Name a penicillinase resistant penicillin that is also a beta-lactamase inhibitor

A

Amoxicillin-clavulanate

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12
Q

Which carbapenem is a broad spectrum beta lactam?

A

Imipenem

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13
Q

What group of antibiotics are the majority of antibiotics administered?

A

Cephalosporins

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14
Q

What are the 4 gens of cephalosporins?

A
  1. For gram positive cocci
  2. For gram negative cocci
  3. Broad spectrum, beta lactamase resistant
  4. Broad spectrum, semi synthetic
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15
Q

Name 2 examples of 4th gen cephalosporins?

A

Ceftriaxone, cefepime

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16
Q

Name 2 examples of glycopeptides

A

Vancomycin, teicoplanin

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17
Q

What is vancomycin used for?

A

Narrow spectrum, for penicillin/methicillin-resistant staph infections.

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18
Q

What bacteria does vancomycin originate from?

A

Streptomyces

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19
Q

What is a negative aspect of using vancomycin?

A

Very toxic

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20
Q

Name some other examples of antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis

A
  1. Azeotreonam
  2. Bacitracin
  3. Fosfomycin trimethamine
  4. Synercid
  5. Isoniazad
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21
Q

What is azeotreonam used for?

A

Narrow spectrum, gram negative aerobic bacteria. For patient allergic to penicillins.

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22
Q

What formulation is bacitracin common found in?

A

Neosporin

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23
Q

What is fosfomycin used for?

A

UTIs

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24
Q

What is synercid used for?

A

Endocarditis and post op infections caused by staph or enterococcus

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25
Q

What is isoniazid used for?

A

TB

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26
Q

What are 5 groups of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis?

A
  1. Aminoglycosides
  2. Macrolides
  3. Tetracyclines
  4. Lincomycins
  5. Oxazolidinones
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27
Q

How do aminoglycosides disrupt protein synthesis?

A

Insert on ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA

28
Q

What kind of infections are aminoglycosides used for?

A

Broad spectrum

29
Q

Describe the structure of aminoglycosides

A

Aminocyclitol ring with 2 or more amino sugars

30
Q

What bacteria do aminoglycosides originate from?

A

Streptomyces, Micromonospora

31
Q

Name some examples of aminoglycosides

A
  1. Gentamicin
  2. Tobramycin
  3. Amikacin
  4. Streptomycin
32
Q

What is gentamicin useful in treating?

A

Gram negative rods

33
Q

Why is gentamicin a desirable antibiotic?

A

Less toxic

34
Q

What is streptomycin used for?

A

TB, tularemia, plague

35
Q

What is the origin of the macrolides group?

A

Streptomyces

36
Q

Name some examples of macrolides

A

Erythromycin, clarithomycin, azithromycin

37
Q

How does erythromycin disrupt protein synthesis?

A

Blocks translocation of the mRNA strand within the ribosome

38
Q

What are the advantages of erythromycin?

A

Broad spectrum, low toxicity

39
Q

Describe the structure of erythromycin

A

Lactone ring, sugars

40
Q

How do tetracyclines disrupt protein synthesis?

A

Bind to ribosomal A-acceptor site, block tRNAs from binding

41
Q

What is an advantage of tetracyclines?

A

Broad spectrum

42
Q

What are some examples of tetracyclines?

A

Tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline

43
Q

What is one example of a lincomycin?

A

Clindamycin

44
Q

What is clindamycin used for?

A

Broad spectrum, for serious anaerobic abdo infections

45
Q

Where does clindamycin originate from?

A

Streptomyces

46
Q

How do oxazolidinones disrupt protein synthesis?

A

Stop initiation by blocking ribosomes from joining around mRNA

47
Q

What is an example of an oxazolidinone?

A

Linezolid

48
Q

What is linezolid used for?

A

MRSA, VRE

49
Q

What is another drug that interferes with protein synthesis?

A

Chloramphenicol

50
Q

How does chloramphenicol interfere with protein synthesis?

A

Blocks formation of peptide bonds

51
Q

Where does chloramphenicol originate?

A

Streptomyces venezuela, but now synthetic

52
Q

What is a disadvantage of chloramphenicol?

A

Toxic, can irreversibly damage bone marrow

53
Q

What are 2 groups of antibiotics that interfere with nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Sulfonamides, quinolones

54
Q

How do sulfonamides interfere with nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Bind to and deactivate enzymes required for DNA/RNA synthesis

55
Q

When were sulfonamides discovered?

A

1909

56
Q

What is the advantage to quinolones?

A

Broad spectrum

57
Q

Name some examples of quinolones

A

Ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, sparfloxacin, levofloxacin

58
Q

What are some other examples of drugs that interfere with nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Metronidazole
Rifampicin
Bleomycin

59
Q

What makes rifampicin narrow spectrum?

A

Cannot pass through many cell membranes

60
Q

Where does rifampicin originate from?

A

Streptomyces

61
Q

What is bleomycin used in9/.?

A

Chemotherapy

62
Q

Name 3 drugs that disrupt cell membranes

A

Polymyxin, amphotericin B, nystatin

63
Q

How does polymyxin disrupt cell membranes?

A

Detergent-like activity: Interacts with phospholipids to cause leaking in gram negative bacteria

64
Q

What is polymyxin used for?

A

Narrow spectrum, Drug resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa, UTI

65
Q

What is a disadvantage to using polymyxin?

A

Kidney toxicity

66
Q

How does amphotericin B and nystatin disrupt cell membrane?

A

Bonds to sterols on fungal membranes

TERM 2 BIOL2192 PATHO 1 (11 decks)

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