CH 8 INFECTION CONTROL Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the difference between antisepsis, disinfection, sanitization, and sterilization

A
  1. Antisepsis: using physical/chemical means to remove microorganisms from living tissue.
  2. Disinfection: Removal of vegetative bacteria from tissue or an object.
  3. Sanitization: Reduction of microorganisms from an object through cleansing.
  4. Sterilization: Removing all infectious particles, including spores.
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2
Q

What is the term for slowing of the rate of microbial growth?

A

Microbistasis

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3
Q

Name an infectious agent that has high resistance.

A

Bacterial endospores

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4
Q

Name some infectious agents with moderate resistance.

A
  1. Tuberculosis
  2. Staph aureus
  3. Pseudomonas
  4. Protozoans
  5. Unenveloped viruses
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5
Q

Name some infectious agents with low resistance

A
  1. Most vegetative bacteria
  2. Fungal spores/hyphae
  3. Enveloped viruses
  4. Yeasts
  5. Trophozoites
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6
Q

What does HEPA stand for?

A

High efficiency particulate air

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7
Q

What is a common example of a filtrative device?

A

Masks

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8
Q

Does filtration produce sterile liquids?

A

No

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9
Q

Why would you use filtration rather than heat?

A

For liquids sensitive to heat like drugs.

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10
Q

What is another term for incineration?

A

Dry heating

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11
Q

What temperature is pasteurization done at?

A

About 69-72 degrees celsius

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12
Q

At what temperature is dry heating/incineration done?

A

800-6500 degrees

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13
Q

What temperature are most household freezers kept at, and what temperature is more longer term microbistasis done at?

A

-20 degrees and -80 degrees

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14
Q

What does radiation do to bacteria?

A

Disrupts DNA

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15
Q

What are two examples of ionizing radiation?

A

Gamma rays and x-rays

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16
Q

What does ionizing radiation do to bacteria?

A

Displaces electrons, forming reactive ions in cells which disrupt their structure

17
Q

What is an example of non ionizing radiation, and what is it used for?

A

UV light, used for municipal water, food, and sterilizing rooms in hospitals

18
Q

What are two alcohols that are used as disinfectants?

A

Ethanol and isopropanol

19
Q

What can alcohol not kill?

A

Spores, viruses

20
Q

What two halogens are used as disinfectants?

A

Chlorine and iodine

21
Q

What are two examples of chlorine based disinfectants?

A

Hypochlorite solution (bleach), and chloramine

22
Q

What is an example of an iodine based product?

A

Iodophors

23
Q

What are two examples of heavy metals used as disinfectants?

A

Silver and mercury

24
Q

What is the term for the characteristic of heavy metals that make them microbicidal?

A

Oligodynamic

25
Q

What are two examples of phenol based disinfectants?

A

Carbolic acid, and chlorhexadine

26
Q

How does hydrogen peroxide destroy microbes?

A

Oxidant, creates free radicals

27
Q

Why would ozone be used to disinfect municipal water as opposed to UV light?

A

When water contains organic material and UV cannot penetrate it

28
Q

How does soap work to reduce microbial load?

A

Emulsifying agent

29
Q

How do detergents work to reduce microbial load?

A

Amphipathic molecules work as surfactants, meaning they break up surface tension of lipid based membranes

30
Q

Name one example of a detergent used to clean floors and surfaces

A

Quaternary ammonium

31
Q

Name two examples of aldehydes used as disinfectants

A

Formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde

32
Q

How do aldehydes work to decrease microbial load?

A

Cause protein cross linking, disrupting bacterial cell structure

33
Q

Name 4 reasons microorganisms are becoming resistant to antibiotics

A
  1. Antibiotics have been used indiscriminately
  2. They are used in animals that serve as food
  3. Antibacterial residues are now present in the environment
  4. Lack of new antibiotics
34
Q

Name some examples of drug-resistant microorganisms

A
  1. Carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter
  2. Candida auris
  3. C. diff
  4. Carbapenem resistant Enterobacter
  5. Drug resistant N. gonorrhea
35
Q

Name 4 mechanisms of drug resistance

A
  1. Drug inactivation e.g. penicilllinases
  2. Decreased cell permeability due to cell receptor changes
  3. Increased elimination due to presence of membrane protein “drug pumps”
  4. Alternate metabolic pathways
36
Q

What is the term for the smallest concentration that visibly inhibits growth of infection?

A

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

37
Q

What is the term for the ratio of dose that is effective vs. Dose that is toxic to humans?

A

Therapeutic index