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TERM 2 BIOL2192 PATHO 1 > CH 6 BACTERIA > Flashcards

CH 6 BACTERIA Flashcards

1
Q

What class of cells are bacteria under?

A

Prokaryotes

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2
Q

What are 2 domains of bacteria?

A

Archaebacteria and eubacteria

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3
Q

What are three structures found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells?

A

Nucleoid, ribosomes, organelle-like structures

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4
Q

What compound makes up the bacterial cell wall?

A

Peptidoglycans

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5
Q

What is unique about the prokaryotic cell wall?

A

Resists osmotic pressure changes

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6
Q

What are 2 kinds of hair-like projections that allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces?

A

Fimbriae and pili

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7
Q

What bacterial structure protects from phagocytosis?

A

Glycocalyx

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8
Q

Why are unique bacterial structures significant to medicine?

A

They are the targets of certain drugs

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9
Q

What process do bacteria use to reproduce?

A

Binary fission

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10
Q

What bacterial structures contain genes that are capable of being transmitted to other bacterial cells?

A

Plasmids

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11
Q

What is the term for particles produced by some bacteria under harsh conditions?

A

Endospores

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12
Q

What do endospores germinate into under favourable conditions?

A

Vegetative bacterial cells

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13
Q

What are 6 ways of identifying and classifying species of bacteria?

A
  1. Growth rate
  2. Nutritional requirements
  3. Staining
  4. Shape
  5. Pathogenicity
  6. Antibiotic resistance
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14
Q

What are 2 ways bacteria resist phagocytosis?

A
  1. Producing enzymes and toxins
  2. Taking refuge in host cells
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15
Q

What are 2 classes of bacterial toxins?

A

Proteins and lipopolysaccharides

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16
Q

True or false: Bacterial toxins always act at the site of bacterial proliferation

A

False

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17
Q

Secreted exotoxins are usually what complex molecule?

A

Proteins

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18
Q

Endotoxins are usually what complex molecule?

A

Lipopolysaccharides

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19
Q

How do toxins benefit bacteria?

A

Promote their growth and invasion into tissues.

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20
Q

What gram positive cocci resemble a cluster of grapes?

A

Staphylococci

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21
Q

What disease caused by s. aureus results in a 50% mortality?

A

Pneumonia

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22
Q

Name 4 toxins produced by s. aureus

A
  1. coagulase
  2. hemolysin
  3. exfoliatin B
  4. beta lactamase
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23
Q

What are the effects of exfoliatin B?

A

Separation of skin layers

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24
Q

What are the effects of beta lactamase?

A

Hydrolyzes penecillin

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25
Q

What are 3 syndromes associated with s. aureus?

A
  1. Scalded skin syndrome
  2. Toxic shock syndrome
  3. Food poisoning
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26
Q

What staphylococcus is normal human flora and causes nosocomial infections?

A

S. epidermidis

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27
Q

What gram positive cocci resemble bead-like chains?

A

Streptococci

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28
Q

Which streptococci cause strep throat?

A

S. pyogenes, group C & G

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29
Q

If strep throat is left untreated, what will result?

A

Rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis

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30
Q

What 2 toxins are produced by s. pyogenes?

A

Hemolysin, pyrogenic toxin

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31
Q

Which type of streptococcus colonizes the GI and GU tracts, and can be lethal to newborns?

A

Group B

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32
Q

Which streptococcus is a leading cause of pneumonia?

A

S. pneumoniae / pneumococcus

33
Q

Which gram negative coccus causes urethritis and pelvic inflammatory disease?

A

Neisseria gonorrheae

34
Q

If PID is left untreated, what will result?

A

Obstruction to salpinx, infertility

35
Q

Which gram negative coccus causes epidemic meningitis?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

36
Q

Which gram positive rod causes diphtheria?

A

Corynebacteria diphtheria

37
Q

Diphtheria toxin has what effects?

A

Protein synthesis inhibition, development of pseudomembrane

38
Q

How is diphtheria transmitted?

A

Respiratory aerosol

39
Q

Which gram positive rod causes anthrax?

A

Bacillus anthracis

40
Q

Name 3 kinds of anthrax

A
  1. Cutaneous
  2. Gastrointestinal
  3. Pulmonary
41
Q

Why is bacillus anthracis so resilient?

A

Endospores in soil are resistant to environmental factors.

42
Q

What does anthrax toxin cause?

A

Cytokine secretion

43
Q

Which gram positive rod causes myonecrosis and gas gangrene?

A

Clostridium perfringens

44
Q

What may precede a c. perfringens infection?

A

Septic abortion, crushing injury, compound fracture, gunshot/knife wounds, malignancy

45
Q

Which gram positive rod causes food poisoning and flaccid paralysis?

A

Clostridium botulinum

46
Q

What is the action of c. botulinum toxin?

A

Inhibits ACH at neuromuscular junction

47
Q

What is a therapeutic use for c. botulinum toxin?

48
Q

Which gram positive rod causes tetanus?

A

Clostridium tetani

49
Q

What toxin does c. tetani produce?

A

Tetanospasmin

50
Q

What is the action of tetanospasmin?

A

Inhibits release of glycine and GABA, causing rigid paralysis

51
Q

Where can c. tetani be found?

A

In soil and GI tract

52
Q

Which gram negative rod is a common opportunistic infection, and can be identified by a grapey odor and fluorescent blue-green colour?

A

Pseudomonas aeriginosa

53
Q

What gram negative rod is normally found in the GI tract?

A

Escherichia coli

54
Q

What toxin is produced by the 0157:H7 strain of e. coli, and what are its effects?

A

Shiga toxin, diarrhea

55
Q

What are possible consequences of e. coli infection?

A

Hemolytic uremic syndrome, acute kidney failure

56
Q

Which gram negative rod causes typhoid?

A

Salmonella enterica

57
Q

How is s. enterica transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral

58
Q

What are common effects of s. enterica infection?

A

Attacks liver, causes diarrhea

59
Q

What gram negative rod causes undulating fever in humans, and is common to people who work with animals?

60
Q

What gram negative rod causes whooping cough?

A

Bordetella pertussis

61
Q

What is the action of pertussis toxin?

A

Inhibits adenylyl cyclase to reduce phagocytosis

62
Q

What gram negative rod causes plague?

A

Yersinia pestis

63
Q

What site does y. pestis colonize?

A

Lymph nodes

64
Q

Which gram negative rods are characterized by helical shape and propelling filaments?

A

Spirochetes

65
Q

Name 3 examples of spirochetes

A
  1. Leptospiro spp
  2. Borrelia burgdorferi
  3. Treponema pallidum
66
Q

What unique features are of interest in identifying acid fast bacteria?

A
  1. Mycolic acid in cell wall makes staining difficult
  2. Slow cell division makes culture growth difficult
67
Q

What other advantage does mycolic acid give acid fast bacteria?

A

Resist phagocytosis

68
Q

What acid fast bacteria causes tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

69
Q

Name 4 kinds of TB

A
  1. Primary TB
  2. Secondary TB
  3. Pulmonary TB
  4. Disseminated/miliary TB
70
Q

Why are many cases of TB latent?

A

After phagocytosis, bacteria survive

71
Q

What 2 symptoms characterize primary TB?

A

Granulomata, caseous necrosis

72
Q

What characterizes secondary TB?

A

Severe respiratory complications

73
Q

What appearance characterizes disseminated/miliary TB?

A

Grain like appearance on x-ray

74
Q

Which bacteria causes leprosy/Hansen’s disease?

A

Mycobacterium leprae

75
Q

What are some early symptoms of leprosy?

A

Loss of sensation, macules, papules

76
Q

What is unique about the transmission of m. leprae?

A

Requires repeated contact

77
Q

What is unique about the incubation of m. leprae?

A

Long period–3-5 years

78
Q

What bacteria causes cholera?

A

Vibrio cholerae

79
Q

What is the action and effect of cholera toxin?

A

Activates adenylyl cyclase–promotes intestinal secretion of fluid and electrolytes causing diarrhea

TERM 2 BIOL2192 PATHO 1 (11 decks)

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