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midterm Flashcards

1
Q

what factors allowed for native american civilizations to prosper before colombus’ arrival?

A

-Cultivated plants and foods
-had domestic animals
-relied heavily on hunting and fishing.

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2
Q

primogeniture

A

-a series of laws passed in parliament that said a family estate went all to the oldest sibling, caused many younger siblings to go to the New World because they were left with nothing

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3
Q

why were the Crusades a significant link in exploration?

A

-crusades developed better ships and navigational routes

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4
Q

what religious ideas did Martin Luther help to spread?

A

-lutheranism
-99 theses
-reformation

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5
Q

what factors helped the Spanish conquer the Aztecs?

A

-more advanced animals for battle (horses and dogs)
-more advanced weapons for battle (guns and swords)
-brought with them germs that made many native Americans sick

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6
Q

encomienda

A

-estate of land and the inhabiting American Indians formerly granted to Spanish colonists
-Similar to feudal system and plantations

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7
Q

how did triangular trade shift labor on encomienda systems?

A

-encomienda system sparked wars across West Africa
-eventually replaced with low-paid labor

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8
Q

describe the settlers and their motivation for settlement in Jamestown, in 1607

A

-early settlers came over to Jamestown in search of economic opportunities, new land, gold, and a fresh start
-Most people who came over were not farmers so they didn’t have good basic survival skills

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9
Q

what were common features of English colonies in the 17th Century regarding structure?

A

-Colonies were racked by religious, political, and economic tensions
-elite planter class vs. landless freedmen vs. indentured servants

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10
Q

why was anne hutchinson banished from the Massachusetts Colony?

A

-argued against the Religious leaders about the role of women in regards to preaching
-charged with heresy and false teachings and was banished to Rhode Island

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11
Q

describe the social structure of the Chesapeake Colonies in the mid-1600s.

A

-women were responsible for caring for children and running the household
-men were responsible for working and being involved in the church
-upper class was the Elite Planter Class and the lower class was mainly landless freedmen.

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12
Q

What was a consequence of Bacon’s Rebellion

A

-government allowed more settlements in Native land
-slave labor became more favored in the south.

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13
Q

describe a difference in two of the European power colonial structures.

A

-settler colonialism: type of colonialism where indigenous people of a colonized region are displaced by settlers who permanently form a society there.
-exploitation colonialism: use of force to control another country and exploit its population as labor and its natural resources as raw material.

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14
Q

navigation acts

A

-colonial goods must be shipped by English ports/ships
-Big deal because Dutch ships were offering low prices to ship through them
-Affected inter-colonial trade
-Result was increased smuggling by Americans (continue to use Dutch and American vessels)

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15
Q

Why was the Dominion of New England created?

A

-bc of resistance to navigation acts
-Legal body set by English government to keep them in line
Consolidated all NE colonies under one ruler (British hand selected, Edmund Androws)

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16
Q

middle passage

A

Route of slave ships form West Africa to the Americas

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17
Q

How did society change in the Southern colonies as a result of more slave importation?

A

-more emphasis on slavery
-Southern Slave population from 20,000 in 1700 to 400,000 in 1770
-new social hierarchy bc of slavery
-agriculture = main economic thing now

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18
Q

salutary neglect

A

-focus on defense and trade vs. internal colonial affairs
-Let political events happen in the colonies as long as it does not affect the economy
-british policy for a while with america

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19
Q

What was a common demographic characteristic of the Middle Colonies?

A

-diversity
-diverse settlers
-economic focus of agriculture and shipbuilding

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20
Q

What was John Locke’s basic political philosophy?

A

-natural rights to life, liberty, and property
-social contract between ppl and govt
-if govt violates it ppl should form a new one

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21
Q

What was the result of the Consumer Revolution?

A

a new type of society in which people derived their self-identity from their consuming practices

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22
Q

What were the provisions of the Treaty of Paris, 1763?

A

British gain sovereignty over half of North America
All French territory became British

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23
Q

How was the French and Indian War a turning point in relations between Britain and American Colonists?

A

-colonists wanted a reward for helping in the war but instead had to help pay off debt for taxes
-angered the colonists bc they felt like they weren’t getting justice
-also british restricted where colonists could be after natives bade it known that they were still a threat (proclamation line of 1763)

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24
Q

What was the real motivation for colonists to protest the Stamp / Sugar Acts?

A

-colonists to pay for the war debt from the 7 years war

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25
Explain Prime Minister George Grenville’s concept of ‘virtual representation.’
-parliament exists to serve all british citizens -since colonists are british citizens they don't need representation because parliament serves them
26
What colony did the Coercive Acts mainly apply?
-boston -response to boston tea party, they were the most rebellious colony
27
Why was the Common Sense pamphlet significant?
Pamphlet circulated in the colonies Took a lot of Enlightenement ideas and put them in plain English Rejected the monarchy, called for a Republic Monarchies make no sense, especially in Britain 150,000 sold/circulated made states want independence
28
Describe the British strategy at the beginning of the Revolutionary War.
capture New York, where many Loyalists lived, and use it as a base to conquer the middle colonies
29
Why was the Battle of Saratoga important?
Failed British attempt to attack to section off New England Americans Need one substantial victory to secure allyship from the French French allyship officially given to the colonists, February 1778 Supplies, money, men, and a navy Spain and Netherlands assist the colonists as well
30
Explain why slavery and women’s rights became disputed topics after the American Revolution.
Language in important document suggested all “people” were free and born with natural liberties/rights Did slaves have liberty as people or were they property?
31
Name and explain one reason why women’s societal roles rose in the Revolutionary era.
Elevated status for women- Republican Motherhood: the role of women in the new Republic “The virtuous citizen” (the future of the nation) must be raised by Americna mothers Advocates for women education Female only education at the secondary level
32
What was a main characteristic of the Articles of Confederation?
“A loose league of friendship” Power resided with the States No national economic powers (tax) Congress needed unanimous consent for major changes No standing army No national court system No president New States/Territory Existed mainly to foster a common defense
33
Identify a struggle that existed in the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and how it was addressed in the Constitution.
Executive Authority Electoral College: Population votes and then electoral college should vote same percentage Bicameral Legislature Everyone gets at least 2 representatives but more if you have a bigger population Federal Supremacy over States
34
Why was Shays’ Rebellion significant?
1786-1787 uprising led by farmers centerred in western Massachusetts 1785- Congress issues ‘requistion bill’ of $3 million from states Daniel Shays leads dissidents in Massachusetts Protested tax policies of eastern elites who controlled the state’s government Newspapers and leaders said they were rebels/ radical Cause leaders to worry about the confederations ability to handle disorder
35
Define the Great Compromise.
promised the creation of a bicameral legislature composed of the House of Representatives and the Senate.
36
What was promised to Anti-Federalists in order to get the Constitution ratified?
Bill of Rights (Civil Liberties/ protection) Promised as a compromise First 10 amendments
37
What did Alexander Hamilton use the “Necessary and Proper” Clause to justify?
The institution of a national bank
38
Why was Washington’s decision not to seek a third term so important?
-set a precedent for other presidents -made sure that america did not become a monarchy
39
Why did Federalists enact the Alien and Sedition Acts?
French “impressment” of sailors and the XYZ Affair prompted Federalists to enact the Alien and Sedition Acts.
40
Define the purpose of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.
The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions were a response to the Alien and Sedition Acts that argued that the federal government did not have the power to put them into place. They also stressed the concept of nullification.
41
Define the importance of the Marbury v. Madison case in 1803.
The case of Marbury v Madison marked the first occasion when the Supreme Court declared that it had the power to rule national laws unconstitutional.
42
Describe Jefferson’s approach to the purchase of the Louisiana Territory.
President Jefferson did not know if the president technically had the power to buy land for the country. This led him to reconsider the way he looked at presidential power. He ended up buying the land anyway even though the constitution did not say that he could.
43
What were the issues that led to the U.S. declaration of war against Britain in 1812?
Territorial expansion, the War Hawk Faction, response to the Alien and Sedition Act
44
What were the causes and results of the Market Revolution?
Causes: Westward Expansion, international trade, global conflicts, and the Industrial Revolution Results: the creation of capitalist economies, expansion in urbanization
45
What were the major effects of the Cotton Boom in 1810
Tobacco farmers made a large profit from selling their slaves to cotton farmers because the tobacco crop was much less profitable than cotton
46
Define the Tallmadge Amendment.
The Tallmadge Amendment prohibited any new slaves into Missouri and it led to the emancipation of those who were slaves once they reached age 25.
47
Why did the Missouri Compromise usher in a political era of “sectionalism” in 1820
Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine as a free state, so sectionalism increased because of tensions over slavery
48
What were the components of Henry Clay’s American System?
Established protective tariffs Created a National Bank Invested in new means of internal transportation
49
What caused South Carolina to argue for ‘nullification’ in 1832?
South Carolina tried to nullify the tarriff of 1832, which raised taxes on imported processed goods.
50
Describe the Second Great Awakening.
When pastors traveled around the country to call people back to Christianity. There was a focus on community and equality in Christ.
51
Describe how the 2nd Great Awakening influenced abolitionism.
Since the 2nd Great Awakening stressed ideals of all people being a family and having equality in Christ. Abolitionist used this as an argument to why slaves should be free (they were equal to their masters)
52
What was a result of Nat Turner’s Rebellion?
Increased anti-slavery arguments and slave owner awareness
53
How did the Market Revolution affect southern society?
As the demand for northern textiles increased, the demand for southern cotton increased. This furthered slavery and cotton industries.
54
Describe the beliefs of William Lloyd Garrison.
Immediate end to slavery, more radical than most abolitionists
55
Describe the accurate prevalence of slavery in the South during the mid 1800s.
They required slavery for their cotton farms. It was a way of life and how they ran their industry.
56
How did the election of Andrew Jackson alter political parties & voting behavior in the U.S.?
New groups were formed, the whigs and democrats
57
Define the concept of Manifest Destiny.
Westward expansion bringing education, God, and industrial revolution.
58
List and explain one important cause of the Civil War that occurred after 1840.
The territories from the Mexican Cession were part of an argument between northerners and southerners on whether or not they would be slave or free states to keep the balance of power
59
Describe the provisions in the Compromise of 1850
California had statehood and was free, New Mexico and Utah territories had popular sovereignty, but the Fugitive Slave Law was strengthened
60
Define the Wilmot Proviso.
Stupid, optimistic, instigating proposal that all of the territories from the Mexican Cession would be free
61
Why didn’t James Buchanan believe he could interfere with slavery in the territories?
Buchanan thought that he had no authority to interfere
62
Describe the ‘Know-Nothing’ or American Party in the mid 1800s.
Combat foreign influencers and uphold traditional American values
63
What law did the Kansas-Nebraska repeal?
The Missouri Compromise of 1820
64
What was the political party result of the Dred Scott case?
upheld slavery in United States territories, denied the legality of black citizenship in America, and declared the Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional.
65
What was the strategy of the North/Lincoln as they engaged in the Civil War in 1861.
-qucikly end the war -blockade the south -split the CSA by taking the mississippi -cpature richmond
66
What was significant about the Battle of Antietam?
-one of two battles fought in union territory (confederacy tried to advance) -turning point in the war -major confederate defeat
67
Define Emancipation Proclamation
freed slaves in rebellious states ONLY out of Military necesity Lincoln feared Union troop withdrawals and border state secession
68
What was an economic issue facing the Confederacy during the Civil War?
-agriculture (cotton) was their main economic interest so they couldn't produce as many weapons or supply troops with what they needed -little to no industry
69
What was the Union strategy in 1864 when Grant took over command of the army?
Engage main strength of the CSA Crush the South and prevent them from existing
70
What was the issue that split the Democrats in the 1864 election?
whether to continue the fighting or offer peace
71
Define the 13th Amendment.
Slavery is federally abolished
72
What was the greatest achievement of the Freedman’s Bureau?
-educated over 200,000 freed slaves -taught them literacy
73
Describe Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan.
-confederate states could establish new state governments after 10% of their population swore allegiance to the union
74
What was the South’s purpose in passing the Black Codes?
-force freed blakcs back into plantation labor again -limit the power of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments
75
What did the 14th Amendment guarantee?
-citizenship and states cannot discriminate by race
76
Why did women’s organizations protest the 14th and 15th Amendments?
-because they didn't use language that included women

history US (10 decks)

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