Midterm #1 - Ch.3 Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy Flashcards
cephalocaudal pattern
- head to tail growth
- physical growth and feature differentiation work from top down
- see objects before they can move to it
proximodistal pattern
- near to far
- growth starts at centre and moves towards extremities
- control arms before hands
axons
- carry electrical impulses away from the brain
- A(xon) for away
dendrite
- carry impulses towards the brain
neurotransmitters
allow info to pass
myelination
encasing axons in fat cells provides energy to neurons and facilitates communication
myelin sheath
- fat cell layers encasing many axons
- insulation
lateralization
- function specialization in one hemisphere
- starts before birth
neuroconstructivist view of brain development
- growth and differentiation of neurons
- formation and loss of synapses
- specialization of brain regions
- biology and environment interact
good sleep patterns in infants are associated with…
higher cognitive functioning in childhood
how long should babies be breastfed for?
4-6 months
dynamic systems theory
- action motivated by perception
- motor skill represent pathways to the infants goals
gross motor skills
- large muscle activity
- moving arms and walking
fine motor skills
- finely tuned movement
- precision increases with age
sensation
eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin
perception
- interpretation of what is sensed
- designed for action
the visual preference method
- determine whether infants can tell stimulus apart
- measure length of time they attend to different stimulus
habituation
decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus
dishabituation
- the recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation
- occurs when baby can tell stimuli apart
intermodal perception
the ability to relate and integrate info from 2 or more sensory modalities
assimilation
using existing schemes to deal with new info or experiences
accomodation
adjusting schemes to fit new info and experiences
conditioning
if an infant’s behaviour is followed by a rewarding stimulus, the behaviour is likely to recur
joint attention
- two ppl focused on one thing
- one individual directs another’s attention
- increases ability to learn from others
implicit memory
- no conscious recollection
- skills and routine procedures
explicit memory
conscious memory of facts and experience
language
- form of communication based on a system of symbols
- words used by a community and the rules for varying and combining them
infant generativity
the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules
segmentation
- infants begin to understand segments in a continuous stream of speech
telegraphic speech
- the use of short and precise words
- no grammatical markers
Broca’s area
producing words
Wernicke’s area
language comprehension
behaviourist view of language
language is a chain of responses acquired through reinforcement
child-directed speech
language spoken in higher pitch, slower tempo, or more exaggerated intonation
recasting
rephrasing something child said
expanding
restating in a linguistically sophisticated form
labelling
identifying the names of objects
interactionist view of language
- strong biological foundations
- biology and experience contribute to language development
