Midterm #1 - Ch.3 Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy

Question 1

cephalocaudal pattern

Answer 1

• head to tail growth
• physical growth and feature differentiation work from top down
• see objects before they can move to it

Question 2

proximodistal pattern

Answer 2

• near to far
• growth starts at centre and moves towards extremities
• control arms before hands

Question 3

axons

Answer 3

• carry electrical impulses away from the brain
• A(xon) for away

Question 4

dendrite

Answer 4

• carry impulses towards the brain

Question 5

neurotransmitters

Answer 5

allow info to pass

Question 6

myelination

Answer 6

encasing axons in fat cells provides energy to neurons and facilitates communication

Question 7

myelin sheath

Answer 7

• fat cell layers encasing many axons
• insulation

Question 8

lateralization

Answer 8

• function specialization in one hemisphere
• starts before birth

Question 9

neuroconstructivist view of brain development

Answer 9

• growth and differentiation of neurons
• formation and loss of synapses
• specialization of brain regions
• biology and environment interact

Question 10

good sleep patterns in infants are associated with…

Answer 10

higher cognitive functioning in childhood

Question 11

how long should babies be breastfed for?

Answer 11

4-6 months

Question 12

dynamic systems theory

Answer 12

• action motivated by perception
• motor skill represent pathways to the infants goals

Question 13

gross motor skills

Answer 13

• large muscle activity
• moving arms and walking

Question 14

fine motor skills

Answer 14

• finely tuned movement
• precision increases with age

Question 15

sensation

Answer 15

eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin

Question 16

perception

Answer 16

• interpretation of what is sensed
• designed for action

Question 17

the visual preference method

Answer 17

• determine whether infants can tell stimulus apart
• measure length of time they attend to different stimulus

Question 18

habituation

Answer 18

decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus

Question 19

dishabituation

Answer 19

• the recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation
• occurs when baby can tell stimuli apart

Question 20

intermodal perception

Answer 20

the ability to relate and integrate info from 2 or more sensory modalities

Question 21

assimilation

Answer 21

using existing schemes to deal with new info or experiences

Question 22

accomodation

Answer 22

adjusting schemes to fit new info and experiences

Question 22

conditioning

Answer 22

if an infant’s behaviour is followed by a rewarding stimulus, the behaviour is likely to recur

Question 23

joint attention

Answer 23

• two ppl focused on one thing
• one individual directs another’s attention
• increases ability to learn from others

Question 24

implicit memory

Answer 24

- no conscious recollection - skills and routine procedures

Question 25

explicit memory

Answer 25

conscious memory of facts and experience

Question 26

language

Answer 26

- form of communication based on a system of symbols - words used by a community and the rules for varying and combining them

Question 27

infant generativity

Answer 27

the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules

Question 28

segmentation

Answer 28

- infants begin to understand segments in a continuous stream of speech

Question 29

telegraphic speech

Answer 29

- the use of short and precise words - no grammatical markers

Question 29

Broca's area

Answer 29

producing words

Question 30

Wernicke's area

Answer 30

language comprehension

Question 30

behaviourist view of language

Answer 30

language is a chain of responses acquired through reinforcement

Question 31

child-directed speech

Answer 31

language spoken in higher pitch, slower tempo, or more exaggerated intonation

Question 32

recasting

Answer 32

rephrasing something child said

Question 33

expanding

Answer 33

restating in a linguistically sophisticated form

Question 34

labelling

Answer 34

identifying the names of objects

Question 35

interactionist view of language

Answer 35

- strong biological foundations - biology and experience contribute to language development