Midterm #1 - Ch.3 Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy Flashcards

1
Q

cephalocaudal pattern

A
  • head to tail growth
  • physical growth and feature differentiation work from top down
  • see objects before they can move to it
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2
Q

proximodistal pattern

A
  • near to far
  • growth starts at centre and moves towards extremities
  • control arms before hands
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3
Q

axons

A
  • carry electrical impulses away from the brain
  • A(xon) for away
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4
Q

dendrite

A
  • carry impulses towards the brain
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5
Q

neurotransmitters

A

allow info to pass

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6
Q

myelination

A

encasing axons in fat cells provides energy to neurons and facilitates communication

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7
Q

myelin sheath

A
  • fat cell layers encasing many axons
  • insulation
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8
Q

lateralization

A
  • function specialization in one hemisphere
  • starts before birth
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9
Q

neuroconstructivist view of brain development

A
  • growth and differentiation of neurons
  • formation and loss of synapses
  • specialization of brain regions
  • biology and environment interact
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10
Q

good sleep patterns in infants are associated with…

A

higher cognitive functioning in childhood

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11
Q

how long should babies be breastfed for?

A

4-6 months

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12
Q

dynamic systems theory

A
  • action motivated by perception
  • motor skill represent pathways to the infants goals
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13
Q

gross motor skills

A
  • large muscle activity
  • moving arms and walking
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14
Q

fine motor skills

A
  • finely tuned movement
  • precision increases with age
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15
Q

sensation

A

eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin

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16
Q

perception

A
  • interpretation of what is sensed
  • designed for action
17
Q

the visual preference method

A
  • determine whether infants can tell stimulus apart
  • measure length of time they attend to different stimulus
18
Q

habituation

A

decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus

19
Q

dishabituation

A
  • the recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation
  • occurs when baby can tell stimuli apart
20
Q

intermodal perception

A

the ability to relate and integrate info from 2 or more sensory modalities

21
Q

assimilation

A

using existing schemes to deal with new info or experiences

22
Q

accomodation

A

adjusting schemes to fit new info and experiences

22
Q

conditioning

A

if an infant’s behaviour is followed by a rewarding stimulus, the behaviour is likely to recur

23
Q

joint attention

A
  • two ppl focused on one thing
  • one individual directs another’s attention
  • increases ability to learn from others
24
Q

implicit memory

A
  • no conscious recollection
  • skills and routine procedures
25
Q

explicit memory

A

conscious memory of facts and experience

26
Q

language

A
  • form of communication based on a system of symbols
  • words used by a community and the rules for varying and combining them
27
Q

infant generativity

A

the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules

28
Q

segmentation

A
  • infants begin to understand segments in a continuous stream of speech
29
Q

telegraphic speech

A
  • the use of short and precise words
  • no grammatical markers
29
Q

Broca’s area

A

producing words

30
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

language comprehension

30
Q

behaviourist view of language

A

language is a chain of responses acquired through reinforcement

31
Q

child-directed speech

A

language spoken in higher pitch, slower tempo, or more exaggerated intonation

32
Q

recasting

A

rephrasing something child said

33
Q

expanding

A

restating in a linguistically sophisticated form

34
Q

labelling

A

identifying the names of objects

35
Q

interactionist view of language

A
  • strong biological foundations
  • biology and experience contribute to language development