Final - Theories of Development

Question 1

intimacy vs isolation

Answer 1

• Erikson, early adulthood
• individuals seek meaningful relationships and emotional closeness
• failure to establish connections leads to isolation

Question 2

cognitive theory

Answer 2

• stages in development
• development is age related
• Piaget and Vygotsky

Question 3

dynamic systems theory

Answer 3

• action motivated by perception
• motor skill represent pathways to the infants goals

Question 4

Kagan’s concept of behavioural inhibition

Answer 4

• difference between a shy, subdued, timid child, and a sociable, extroverted, bold child
• inhibition to the unfamiliar

Question 5

trust vs mistrust

Answer 5

• Erikson, first year
• infants face less secure world after birth
• constant care to develop trust

Question 6

sensorimotor stage

Answer 6

• Piaget, birth-2 yrs
• infants learn through sensory and motor interactions
• object permanence
• understanding of world

Question 7

initiative vs guilt

Answer 7

• Erikson
• children use perceptual, motor, cognitive, or language skills to make things happen
• conscience is a governor of initiative
• initiative can bring reward but also guilt

Question 8

industry vs inferiority

Answer 8

• Erikson
• industry is dominant, children are interested in how things are made and how they work
  parents who think their child is being mischievous can foster inferiority

Question 9

moral development - Freud

Answer 9

• feelings of anxiety and guilt are key

Question 10

moral development - Piaget

Answer 10

• cognitive development
• children gradually come to understand rules are created by people
• intentions should influence how we judge behaviour

Question 11

preoperational stage

Answer 11

• Piaget, 2-7yrs
• symbolic thinking emerges
• logical reasoning still absent, struggle with conservation

Question 12

concrete operational stage

Answer 12

• Piaget, 7-11yrs
• development of logical reasoning about concrete objects
• solve conservation problems, reverse operations

Question 13

formal operational stage

Answer 13

• Piaget, 12+yrs
• abstract and hypothetical thinking become possible

Question 14

zone of proximal development

Answer 14

• Leo Vygotsky
• children can achieve higher levels of understanding with guidance

Question 15

conservation

Answer 15

• preoperational stage
• lack awareness that altering an object’s/substance’s appearance doesn’t change its basic properties

Question 16

social constructivist view

Answer 16

• Vygotsky
• emphasizes the social contexts of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction

Question 17

centration

Answer 17

• focusing of attention on one characteristic and exclusion of others