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FRST 211 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Groups within same class level

A

coordinate

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2
Q

higher classes

A

superordinate

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3
Q

lower classes

A

subordinate

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4
Q

what is principle of division

A

dividing into categories based on traits

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5
Q

what are the two types of principles of division

A

simple: only one principle
compound: multiple principles

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6
Q

why classify

A

organization, communication form, increasing knowledge, enable mapping, improves prediction, framework for planning

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7
Q

what makes a good classifying system

A

easy to use and understand
spatial patterns for mapping
*classes and principles shld be closely related to processes of interest**
not too specific

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8
Q

define resources

A

something that is consumed by organisms

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9
Q

what do plants need

A

sun, CO2, energy, space, nuts, H2O

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10
Q

what do animals need

A

O2, H2O, energy, space, nuts

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11
Q

environmental factors

A

abiotic factors that are not consumed

topography, climate, edaphic

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12
Q

define climatic factors

A

temp and precip

drought, snow pack duration, soil moisture

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13
Q

wind

A

vegetation at exposed edges
prevailing winds push one direction
less branches on side from wind (unless 90)
branches lush at bottom bc snowfal protection

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14
Q

topography

A

slope
aspect
position (context- depression..)

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15
Q

does S or N aspect have greater insolation

A

more shade on N so more insolation on S
sun doesn’t spread as much cuz perpendicular
less evap on N, more H2O for growth

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16
Q

rank compass from warmest and driest to coldest and wettest (northern hemp)

A

South, West, East, North

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17
Q

difference between west and east

A

same but sun different times of days (morning in west)

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18
Q

edaphic factors

A

soil propterites

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19
Q

theory of tolerance

A

range of environmental factors that each species exists within

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20
Q

Nicheq

A

fundamental: with no interactions, theory, 1 dimensional
realized: actual, with interactions, multi-dimensional

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21
Q

interactions

A

competition, predation, herbivory, parasitism: + -

commensalism (+ 0), mutaulims (++)

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22
Q

amplitude

A

physiological and ecological (similar to niche)

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23
Q

two vegetations

A

natural: non human modified
cultural: human modified

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24
Q

vegetation characteristics

A

f (CL+O+R+P+T)

climate, organism, topographic relieg, parent mat, time (since disturabcne)

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25
Q

how to describe vegetation

A

small scale is easier and inthe field

large scale using satellit and radar, lidar

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26
Q

4 layers of physiogonomy

A
  1. Tree stratum : woody >or =5m
  2. Shrub stratum: woody <5m
  3. Herb stratum: herbs, non woody <5m
  4. Ground stratum: non vascular plants
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27
Q

6 growht forms

A
  1. trees: single stem, woody, > or =5m
  2. liana: woody, supported, > or =5m
  3. shrubs: woody, several stems, <5m
  4. herbs: vascular w/out woody tissue
  5. thallopytes: non vasc
  6. epiphytes: living on others
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28
Q

diff btw growth and strutem

A

growth is about plant what it is, stratum is about layer in the forest

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29
Q

5 life forms

A
  1. size
  2. lifespan
  3. leaves
  4. morphology
  5. stem
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30
Q

international veg classification

A

based on veg only, broad classes, natural and cultural are seperate, hierarchical, upside down triangle

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31
Q

levels at the top are driven by?

A

broad so driven by physiogonomy (form)

temp + moist, lat and continentality, altitutde adn seasonal

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32
Q

levels at the bottom are drvien by?

A

smaller, fine scale species so driven by floristics (which species)
local climate, aspect (NS), disturbacne recently

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33
Q

8 levels of internationa veg classification

A

upper (formation class, form subclass, form)
middle (division, macrogroup, group, aliance
lower (association)

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34
Q

what are biomes based on

A

flora and fauna

physiogomy of dominate ^^

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35
Q

5 biomes

A

tundra, desert, grassland, savannah, forest

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36
Q

forest types

A 
tropical moist Forest
tropical dry forest
boreal forest
mediterranian scrub
wet temperate 
dry temperate
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37
Q

cold or hot air with more pressure?

A

cold

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38
Q

which ways to cold and hot air converge

A

cold: vertical
warm: horizontal

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39
Q

wind directions in norht and south hemp

A

N: N to S
S: S to N

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40
Q

Correolus

A

deflects R in N

Left in S

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41
Q

Trade winds

A

Easterly (e-w): Tropics

Westerly (w-e) NA

42
Q

Koppen Geiger Climate System and groups

A

by Group then type

A (tropical), B (dry), C (Mesothermal), D (Microthermal), E (Polar)

43
Q

subpolar point

A

when sun is perpendicular to that point on the earths surface
equator, tropics (capricon and cancer)

44
Q

Soil water balance

A

P=E + (change in S) +R

Precip, Evapotranspiration, Change (Recharge (+G) and ulixation (-G)), Surplus Runoff

45
Q

+G

A

Water recharge
fills available pore space insoil
capillary water
storage capacity

46
Q

-G

A

ulization
Evapotranstion (E)
rate water vapor returns to atm from ground or plant cover

47
Q

PE

A

potential evapo
ideal rate that would occur if complete cover and unlimited water
theoretical, measures water needed, represents energay available

48
Q

AE

A

Acutal evapo
rate that actually occurs given biological limits
measures water use, represents water avail

49
Q

D

A

Water Deficit
PE>AE
Deficit=PE-AE

50
Q

limiting for trees in Ontario

A

Ont: energy bc long winter
has decid a drought protection
divergent branches take light from above

51
Q

limiting for trees in BC

A

water bc in summer
evergreen, chem and physc adapts to drought
divergent branchs at bottom get light from sides

52
Q

Ecozone classificications

A

Large, genreal units by abiotic and biotic factors interactings
hierarchical (ecozone, ecoprov, ecoregion)

53
Q

ecozone determinants

A

climate

geo and soils

54
Q

Climate determinant

One

A

Temp: large range of lat
N to S gradient in general
location and continentality (coast vs inland)

55
Q

Climate dterminant two

A

Precip: pacific maritime air masses and prevailing westerlies
masses from artic and gulf of mexico
collide to make polar front

56
Q

Geology adn soils types across ca

A 
Canadaian sheild
Mnt ranges
nonforested tundra
boreal, taiga, hudson plains
atlantic maritime and mixed wood plaisn
priaires, boreal and tiage plains
pacific maritime, montane, boreal, taige Cordillera
57
Q

Canadian Shield

A

hard to break down rock, not lot of soil, shallow bedrock, less develelpped

58
Q

Mnt Ranges

A

impact climate and geo and soils
altitude changes,
arctic, rockies and coastal

59
Q

Boreal, taiga and Hudson plains

A 
boreal domianted
cdn sheid
south: deeper south
north: less soil, exposed rock
wetlands and bogs bc impermeable rocks
60
Q

Atlantic Maritime and mixed woodland plains

A 
southeast part of cdn sheild
densly pop
conif and dec but mor decid
great lakes and acadian frst
     more conif
61
Q

Prairies, boreal, tiaga aplains

A 
rain shadow from rockies (dry)
grasslands and boreal too
      glacial influence
grassland-parkland too
    s to n gradient
     s highly human altered
62
Q

Pacific Maritime, montane, boreal and taiga Cordillera

A 
chain of mnts
southt to north
W: temp grad from S to N
   Precip grad from W to E
diverse vegetaionon mnts
valley withe fertile soil so agriculture
63
Q

NFI

A

national forestry inventory

64
Q

when NFI start

A

1981: questionnaires
computer based (CanFI)
1990’s call for better
early 2000: NFI began

65
Q

what is NFI

A

ongoing monitering of exact points in cda
12 frst ecozones
remote sensor and on ground

66
Q

remote sensor

A 
gridding netowrk of photo plots
2km^2
1% landmass
40km^2 apart in south 
landcover, frst type, bioamss, araea, tree age adn colume
67
Q

field survey

A

ground plots wit ppl collecting
8% of landmass
detailed, represents ecozones
tree log volume and biomass, age and landuse, volume area

68
Q

when was first NFI measuerment
2nd?
3rd?

A

2000-2008
2008-2017
2018-2027

69
Q

why NFI good

A

history, knowledge, planning, management, harvesting moniteroing, catch disease, carbon stuff

70
Q

Stand

A

spatially continuous group of trees and associated vg having similar structure and growing in sim soils and conds

71
Q

stand structure

A

physcial distribution of trees and other platns in stand (horxz and vet)

72
Q

Cohort

A 
group of trees dev after singel disturbance
same age class usaully
73
Q

single cohrot

A

dev after one disturbance (even)

74
Q

multi stand structure

A

developed and arising from 2+ distrubances (major and minor, uneven)

75
Q

4 stages of stand dev

A
  1. stand initiation
  2. stem exclusion
  3. understory initiation
  4. oldgrowth
76
Q
  1. stand initiation
A

after sever event (clean slate(
colonizing and establisment
accum of biomass, vertg rowth, brishy stage, invasion until space is taken

77
Q
  1. stem exclusion
A

density dependant moratlity, resource limties, intense comp, vertical strat
dense canopy, small corwns, cohort canopy

78
Q
  1. Understory initiation
A

canopy differentitaion
mortalitity not density dep, light for herbs, second cohrot
larger crown, new understory cohrot

79
Q
  1. Old growth
A 
gap dynamic (release and recruit), senescence death, fine scale distubacnes, pathogens
multiple cohorts, largs snags, living trees, CWD
80
Q

unrealistic aspects of 4 stage model

A

assumes onlynone disturbance
assumes first one is super sever
emphasis on early stages (ignores old growth)

81
Q

8 stage develop in natural frsts with long lived trees

A 
considers:
severity of disturbance
deadwood and legacies
spatial variation
complex and variation in late stage
82
Q

8 steps

A
  1. dist and biological legacies
  2. cohort establish
  3. canpy closure
  4. biomass accum and comp exclusion
  5. maturation
  6. vert divers
  7. horz divers
    8 loss of pioneer cohort
83
Q
  1. Disturbance and legacies
A

may open gap but not all stand gone
biolegacies influence
type of sverity of disturbance influende

84
Q
  1. Cohort Establish
A

depends on: seed stock
new arrivals
suckering
species and frst resiliance

85
Q
  1. canopy closure
A

trees dominate other veg.

reach resource limits

86
Q
  1. biomass accum
A

growth bigger
density depend mort
comp adn suppresion
single cohort, homo

87
Q
  1. maturation
A 
density independ mort
understory estab
pioneer dominance
CWD accum
understory emergence
88
Q
  1. very diversitification
A

crown dieback
more shade tolerant species
contin canopy levels

89
Q
  1. horz diversification
A 
all canopy layers
species divers
resource avail
envrion conds
complex sizes speicesi ect
90
Q
  1. Pioneer cohort loss
A

senescence of pioneer group

91
Q

“cimax”

A

stage where stay @ peak (traditional)

92
Q

old growth

A

fine scale changes. tree estab and recruit

93
Q

What is best for classifying

A

Plants
because so many species easier to tell when in diff areas (easy to measure too)
tell about soils

94
Q

difference btw Winconsin and BEC

A

BEC does direct soil test, WIs uses indicator plants to tell

climate different

95
Q

SNR and SMR

A

soil nut regime

soil moisture regime

96
Q

features of a good indicator plant

A

small range and high frequency in those ranges

“narrow ecological amplitude”

97
Q

bad indicator plant

A

wide ecological amplitude

98
Q

why are trees bad for classification

A

not as many species
many places can have same trees as they have wide ranges
depending on history and disturbance succession timeline diff trees at diff times

99
Q

thins WIS class gies

A 
distrubtion
landforms and soils
vegetation
management implication
disturbance and succesion info
Diff frst types that may exist there
100
Q

Temp nd P in WIS

A

climate fairly stable

small gradients in p and t from N to S

101
Q

soil in WIS

A

due to glaciation have larger variation in soils

FRST 211 (8 decks)

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