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FRST 211 > FRST 211 Midtern 2 > Flashcards

FRST 211 Midtern 2 Flashcards

1
Q

threeclimate regions in BC

A

pacific (along coast)
Cordilleran (south to noth, split ranges)
Boreal (northeastern)

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2
Q

which way climate regions in BC located

A

oriented N to S

physiography inclufence temp and precip

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3
Q

global influences on BC climate

A

low pressure at 60, low at 30
dominate winds westerlies (w-E)
higher latitudes get poler easterlies
regional air masses

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4
Q

what drives climate in BC

A

GLOBAL INfluences

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5
Q

what are theregional airmasses

A

maritime
continental polar
continental arctic

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6
Q

regional factor in BC climate

A

temp and precip

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7
Q

temp factor

A

cariation due to lat and long and elevation

longitude has nothign to do with inherent temp but moving up here means away or towards mnts

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8
Q

precip factor

A 
4 types causing uplift
orographic
convergent
convective
frontal
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9
Q

uplift

A

air mass moving higher altitudes

get precip as cools as risses

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10
Q

snowpack

A

abundance and persistance
how much accums and how long stays
imp for veg in spring hard to have activity

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11
Q

3 aspects of temp

A

latitude (sun angle, day length, seasonality)
longitutde (not direct or inherent)
Topography (aspect, elevation)

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12
Q

Elecation of topography rates

A

Environmental Lapse rate (ELR)

Adiabatic Cooling

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13
Q

ELR

A

= 6.4 degree C per 1000m
stable unmoving airmasses
rate temp decreases with altitude

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14
Q

adiabatic cooling

A

air mass descends there is less pressure, expands and cools

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15
Q

adiabatic warming

A

air mass descends, compresssion, warming

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16
Q

Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate

A

DALR= 10 degrees per 1000m

moving air, rate at which temp changes with alt

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17
Q

Orographic uplift

A

air mass pushed up and over mnts, cools and get lot precip

main one for BC

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18
Q

Convergent uplist

A

pressure
low in winter: convergent flow when hit go up, temp lowers, water vapor condences
westerly winds carry add to orographic (humid)
high: blocks westerlies carrying dry air
summer have weaker low pressue, high pressue in summer, so low precip

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19
Q

convectional uplift

A

interior in summe, continental warm summer
summer wet regime, more rain in summer than winter
sun rays heat ground, air warms, lower density, rises, cools, precip
turbulence, cumulonimbus coulds, thunders

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20
Q

Frontal uplift

A

Systems, fronts zones of contact btw masses
aggressive air mass creates name
affects all air (polar easterly and westerly give precip)

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21
Q

where is snow pack max

A

high alt and lat

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22
Q

high albedo

A

high reflection, low absorption of solar Energy, cool temp, precip as snow, persistant snow pack,

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23
Q

dew point

A

temp at which relative humidity is 100%
at cool temps, gaseous water moles condence to from fog
whenever clouds there is fog (RH is 100, temp is less than dew pt

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24
Q

moist adiabatic lapse rate

A

MALR: 6 degrees C per 1000 m
Rate of temp change of moving iar taht is saturated (RH=100%)
cooler than DALR bc release heat

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25
when is RH 100% for first time
when precipitation for first time
26
what happens as air warms
holds less water vapour, so descneding down use DLR
27
when use MALR
only if 100RH which precip and gaining amnt of water vapour to hold
28
windward
side wind goes up, cooler, wetter
29
side wind goes down
leeward, warmer, dryer, rainshadow, RH is less
30
BEC
biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification
31
climograph
average over month precipitation showed in bars average daily over month temperature time on axis
32
vancouver climograph
temperature all montsha re above freezing, average daily temp isnt below precipitation lots of rain more than snow
33
continental climates vs maritime
less moderated more highs and lows more dramatic intra-day and inter-seasonal variation in temp cont are usually drier
34
what BEC made for
logging, timber, standards for management, which trees to plant, productivity now more ecological uses
35
how man zoens
16 | 3 alpine, 1 grassland 12 forested
36
biogeoclimatic unit
zone+subzone+variant+Phase
37
what is biogeoclimatic unit chaacterized by
vegetation
38
biogeoclimatic formation
climatice region
39
biogeoclimatic region
ecozone
40
biogeoclimatic zone
large homogenous areas (biophysical traits) | primarily climate
41
biogeoclimatic subzone
basic unit, distinct plant association on zonal site | plant assoc, under certain conds, named on dominate overstory and understory species
42
biogeclimative variant
occasionally split into more localities
43
zonal site
average and representative midslope, equallin gout of water runoff and reception loamy soils
44
top vs bottom of hill
less things at top | more soil sediment, finer soil, more water held, more fertile, cation capacity avail to plants
45
what gives zone names
late successional tree species
46
how many coastal zones and what are
4 | coastal doug fir, coastal west hem, coastal mnt heather alpine, mnt hemlock
47
what most productive zone
CWH
48
features about coastal zoens
moderated by ocean rainshadow of insular ragne on South end altitude gradiant orographic zone
49
southern interiror
``` raindshadow of rockies low lat and dry strong altitude grad some orographic effect bunch grass, ponderosa pine, ect ```
50
Northern interior
``` high lat rainshadow of coast strong altitude and orographic continentality (NE) subboreal pine, spruce ect. ```
51
subzone names
relative precip, temp or continentality capital with set abbrevs then two lower case (precip and tem_
52
ZONEyz
y: precip (x,d,m,w,vw) z: temp (h,w,m,k,c,vc)
53
know which are coastal and which are interior
CHECK SLIDES
54
numbers in anmeing
vairant
55
letter after variant
phase
56
overall format of name
ZONE,subzone,variant,phase
57
IVC
internatioanl vegetation classification
58
what is IVC based one
classify existing natural veg hierarchichal 8 levesl physiognomy (higher levels) and floristics (lower levels)
59
what are broad levels of IVC looking at
diagnostic growth forms (trees)
60
what are mid levels of IVC looking at
compositional similiarity
61
wahtare lower levels of IVC looking at
Dominant species
62
diagnostic growth form
distinctly more widespread or abundant relative to others
63
dominant frowth form
with high percent cover, usually in uppermost canopy layer
64
dominant species
species with highest amount of cover, biomass, density or height
65
diagnostic speices
mutually excluisve btw communities
66
goals of collecting fine-scale floristic data
collect quantatitive vegetation data in field, documentable and repaeatbale measurements archive data publically avail
67
five steps to collecting fine-scale floristic data
``` Stand selection and plot design species composition of plot vertical structure and physiognomy of plot physical data for plot geographic and metadata ```
68
stand selection and plot design
subjective: not stat completely ranodm: good, unbias, independent smaples, hard to move from plot ot plot) strattified random: variation ^, subdivide area in homogenous units, ranodmly sample Stratified random systematic: subdivide area, random starting point, systematically sample (trade off, less stats but pretty good)
69
how to pick plot size
dependson growth forms and size of plants
70
species composition o fthe plot
braun banquet releve | specise and abundance % cover of all plants
71
vertical structure and physiognomy of plot
identify, measure, describe each stratum growth forms and coveer in each most abundant in upper stratum defiens physiognomy
72
physical data for plot
elevation, slope, aspect, gradient surface substrates, soil M phenology, evidence of disturbance
73
Geographic and metadata
location, members, data who, photos
74
Why want to collect data?
``` develop new calss system determine plant assocaiton using existing class system use veg plots to verify map accuracy ```
75
how to develop a new class system
requires 100s to 1000s of releves florisic and site data represent range of abiotic and biotic cons compare composition and cover amoung releves, constant, character, diagnostic, indicator hierarchy division name plant assocaitions: dom or diag species per stratum, in decreasing dominance ( - same stratume, / diff stratum)
76
assocaition
characteristic speices composition, diagnositc species, habitat conds, physiognomy
77
why interested in using understory vegetation in classification?
floristics integrate and reflect many environment factors each plant has niche and tolerance range relative abundance gives site attributes
78
braun blanque approach
fixed area plots identify all species and estimae % cover class veg based on comp, freq and cover with diagnostic combos (DCS)
79
species present and absence
both are helpful in deciding sie series
80
plant association
``` veg class unit based on: characteristic range of species comp diagnostic species occurence hab conds physiognomy ```
81
how to name plant associations
dominant or diagnostic species of each stratum
82
site classifications are based on waht
SMR and SNR | edaphic traits, influential environ facts
83
site association
basic unit similar environment and potential veg in late succession BEC version of plant assoc
84
name of site association
common names and tree codes specific to BC | first letter genus, then commo name
85
want what level of class
site series
86
site series
site association + climativ unit | subdivision of site assoc, climatically similar, edaphically diff (SMR AND SNR)
87
edaphic motifier
some site series are further divided if have variation in other soil attributes (sandy)
88
ecological equivilance
two sies with similar growing conds and same veg potential
89
RSMR and ASMR
relative and absolute average amount of soil evap by plant / year abso: quantitative measures of actual evapo and potential evap and soil wat table
90
why two smr's
huge range of SMR aross world relative gives site compared to other sites in BEC unit ASMR compare across untis
91
SNR
6 classes A to F qualitative
92
edatopic grids
SMR AND SNR BEC unit has grid grey not documented when classified
93
indicator plants
plant grwoing in site that can measure SMR and SNR
94
global indicator
occurs across wide range of sites/indicator values (fireweek after disturbance)
95
local indicator
restricted to narrow range of values (salal)
96
5 objectives of BEC
characterize, describe and map BEC units Characterize and describe major ecosys in units provid field guilds for biogeo units develop managemnet for units promote ecosys as fundament unit of resource management
97
Three main classifications in BEC
vegetation class, zonal class, site calss
98
identify site series
environ analysis SMR SNR edatopic grid
99
when include plant species in veg % cover
planted would indicate managemnet not natural
100
what do with site series
framework for specific timber range and wildlife management which trees to plant optimize productivity
101
limitations of BEC
made for forestry view of climax forests traditional paradigm of succession and mangement BC specific
102
series
directional (each forest stage then next, no overlap)
103
traditional paradigm
``` population coevolved communited integrated units plant assoc are predictable boundaries are distinct and persistant ecotone oderly relay floristics ```
104
manegement and cons in 70's
``` economics social ecological Goal: identify segments of landscape to conserve and use est for econ and social "land sparing" ```
105
Contemporary paradigm
``` species are individualistic gradual change in abundance species coevist (overlap niches) chance is stable complex ```
106
What is path of succession determined y
initial floristics and then distrubances
107
90s mangemenent and cons view
more ecological focus maintain adaptibility to long term cahnges in environ emerge of ecosys resiliance "land sharing"

FRST 211 (8 decks)

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