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FRST 211 > FRST 211 Midtern 2 > Flashcards

FRST 211 Midtern 2 Flashcards

1
Q

threeclimate regions in BC

A

pacific (along coast)
Cordilleran (south to noth, split ranges)
Boreal (northeastern)

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2
Q

which way climate regions in BC located

A

oriented N to S

physiography inclufence temp and precip

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3
Q

global influences on BC climate

A

low pressure at 60, low at 30
dominate winds westerlies (w-E)
higher latitudes get poler easterlies
regional air masses

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4
Q

what drives climate in BC

A

GLOBAL INfluences

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5
Q

what are theregional airmasses

A

maritime
continental polar
continental arctic

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6
Q

regional factor in BC climate

A

temp and precip

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7
Q

temp factor

A

cariation due to lat and long and elevation

longitude has nothign to do with inherent temp but moving up here means away or towards mnts

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8
Q

precip factor

A 
4 types causing uplift
orographic
convergent
convective
frontal
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9
Q

uplift

A

air mass moving higher altitudes

get precip as cools as risses

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10
Q

snowpack

A

abundance and persistance
how much accums and how long stays
imp for veg in spring hard to have activity

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11
Q

3 aspects of temp

A

latitude (sun angle, day length, seasonality)
longitutde (not direct or inherent)
Topography (aspect, elevation)

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12
Q

Elecation of topography rates

A

Environmental Lapse rate (ELR)

Adiabatic Cooling

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13
Q

ELR

A

= 6.4 degree C per 1000m
stable unmoving airmasses
rate temp decreases with altitude

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14
Q

adiabatic cooling

A

air mass descends there is less pressure, expands and cools

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15
Q

adiabatic warming

A

air mass descends, compresssion, warming

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16
Q

Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate

A

DALR= 10 degrees per 1000m

moving air, rate at which temp changes with alt

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17
Q

Orographic uplift

A

air mass pushed up and over mnts, cools and get lot precip

main one for BC

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18
Q

Convergent uplist

A

pressure
low in winter: convergent flow when hit go up, temp lowers, water vapor condences
westerly winds carry add to orographic (humid)
high: blocks westerlies carrying dry air
summer have weaker low pressue, high pressue in summer, so low precip

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19
Q

convectional uplift

A

interior in summe, continental warm summer
summer wet regime, more rain in summer than winter
sun rays heat ground, air warms, lower density, rises, cools, precip
turbulence, cumulonimbus coulds, thunders

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20
Q

Frontal uplift

A

Systems, fronts zones of contact btw masses
aggressive air mass creates name
affects all air (polar easterly and westerly give precip)

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21
Q

where is snow pack max

A

high alt and lat

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22
Q

high albedo

A

high reflection, low absorption of solar Energy, cool temp, precip as snow, persistant snow pack,

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23
Q

dew point

A

temp at which relative humidity is 100%
at cool temps, gaseous water moles condence to from fog
whenever clouds there is fog (RH is 100, temp is less than dew pt

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24
Q

moist adiabatic lapse rate

A

MALR: 6 degrees C per 1000 m
Rate of temp change of moving iar taht is saturated (RH=100%)
cooler than DALR bc release heat

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25
Q

when is RH 100% for first time

A

when precipitation for first time

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26
Q

what happens as air warms

A

holds less water vapour, so descneding down use DLR

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27
Q

when use MALR

A

only if 100RH which precip and gaining amnt of water vapour to hold

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28
Q

windward

A

side wind goes up, cooler, wetter

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29
Q

side wind goes down

A

leeward, warmer, dryer, rainshadow, RH is less

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30
Q

BEC

A

biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification

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31
Q

climograph

A

average over month precipitation showed in bars
average daily over month temperature
time on axis

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32
Q

vancouver climograph

A

temperature all montsha re above freezing, average daily temp isnt below
precipitation
lots of rain more than snow

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33
Q

continental climates vs maritime

A

less moderated
more highs and lows
more dramatic intra-day and inter-seasonal variation in temp
cont are usually drier

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34
Q

what BEC made for

A

logging, timber, standards for management, which trees to plant, productivity
now more ecological uses

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35
Q

how man zoens

A

16

3 alpine, 1 grassland 12 forested

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36
Q

biogeoclimatic unit

A

zone+subzone+variant+Phase

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37
Q

what is biogeoclimatic unit chaacterized by

A

vegetation

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38
Q

biogeoclimatic formation

A

climatice region

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39
Q

biogeoclimatic region

A

ecozone

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40
Q

biogeoclimatic zone

A

large homogenous areas (biophysical traits)

primarily climate

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41
Q

biogeoclimatic subzone

A

basic unit, distinct plant association on zonal site

plant assoc, under certain conds, named on dominate overstory and understory species

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42
Q

biogeclimative variant

A

occasionally split into more localities

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43
Q

zonal site

A

average and representative
midslope, equallin gout of water runoff and reception
loamy soils

44
Q

top vs bottom of hill

A

less things at top

more soil sediment, finer soil, more water held, more fertile, cation capacity avail to plants

45
Q

what gives zone names

A

late successional tree species

46
Q

how many coastal zones and what are

A

4

coastal doug fir, coastal west hem, coastal mnt heather alpine, mnt hemlock

47
Q

what most productive zone

A

CWH

48
Q

features about coastal zoens

A

moderated by ocean
rainshadow of insular ragne on South end
altitude gradiant
orographic zone

49
Q

southern interiror

A 
raindshadow of rockies
low lat and dry
strong altitude grad
some orographic effect
bunch grass, ponderosa pine, ect
50
Q

Northern interior

A 
high lat
rainshadow of coast
strong altitude and orographic
continentality (NE)
subboreal pine, spruce ect.
51
Q

subzone names

A

relative precip, temp or continentality
capital with set abbrevs
then two lower case (precip and tem_

52
Q

ZONEyz

A

y: precip (x,d,m,w,vw)
z: temp (h,w,m,k,c,vc)

53
Q

know which are coastal and which are interior

A

CHECK SLIDES

54
Q

numbers in anmeing

A

vairant

55
Q

letter after variant

A

phase

56
Q

overall format of name

A

ZONE,subzone,variant,phase

57
Q

IVC

A

internatioanl vegetation classification

58
Q

what is IVC based one

A

classify existing natural veg
hierarchichal
8 levesl
physiognomy (higher levels) and floristics (lower levels)

59
Q

what are broad levels of IVC looking at

A

diagnostic growth forms (trees)

60
Q

what are mid levels of IVC looking at

A

compositional similiarity

61
Q

wahtare lower levels of IVC looking at

A

Dominant species

62
Q

diagnostic growth form

A

distinctly more widespread or abundant relative to others

63
Q

dominant frowth form

A

with high percent cover, usually in uppermost canopy layer

64
Q

dominant species

A

species with highest amount of cover, biomass, density or height

65
Q

diagnostic speices

A

mutually excluisve btw communities

66
Q

goals of collecting fine-scale floristic data

A

collect quantatitive vegetation data in field, documentable and repaeatbale measurements
archive data
publically avail

67
Q

five steps to collecting fine-scale floristic data

A 
Stand selection and plot design
species composition of plot
vertical structure and physiognomy of plot
physical data for plot
geographic and metadata
68
Q

stand selection and plot design

A

subjective: not stat
completely ranodm: good, unbias, independent smaples, hard to move from plot ot plot)
strattified random: variation ^, subdivide area in homogenous units, ranodmly sample
Stratified random systematic: subdivide area, random starting point, systematically sample (trade off, less stats but pretty good)

69
Q

how to pick plot size

A

dependson growth forms and size of plants

70
Q

species composition o fthe plot

A

braun banquet releve

specise and abundance % cover of all plants

71
Q

vertical structure and physiognomy of plot

A

identify, measure, describe each stratum
growth forms and coveer in each
most abundant in upper stratum defiens physiognomy

72
Q

physical data for plot

A

elevation, slope, aspect, gradient
surface substrates, soil M
phenology, evidence of disturbance

73
Q

Geographic and metadata

A

location, members, data who, photos

74
Q

Why want to collect data?

A 
develop new calss system
determine plant assocaiton using existing class system
use veg plots to verify map accuracy
75
Q

how to develop a new class system

A

requires 100s to 1000s of releves
florisic and site data
represent range of abiotic and biotic cons
compare composition and cover amoung releves, constant, character, diagnostic, indicator
hierarchy division
name plant assocaitions: dom or diag species per stratum, in decreasing dominance ( - same stratume, / diff stratum)

76
Q

assocaition

A

characteristic speices composition, diagnositc species, habitat conds, physiognomy

77
Q

why interested in using understory vegetation in classification?

A

floristics integrate and reflect many environment factors
each plant has niche and tolerance range
relative abundance gives site attributes

78
Q

braun blanque approach

A

fixed area plots
identify all species and estimae % cover
class veg based on comp, freq and cover with diagnostic combos (DCS)

79
Q

species present and absence

A

both are helpful in deciding sie series

80
Q

plant association

A 
veg class unit based on:
characteristic range of species comp
diagnostic species occurence
hab conds
physiognomy
81
Q

how to name plant associations

A

dominant or diagnostic species of each stratum

82
Q

site classifications are based on waht

A

SMR and SNR

edaphic traits, influential environ facts

83
Q

site association

A

basic unit
similar environment and potential veg in late succession
BEC version of plant assoc

84
Q

name of site association

A

common names and tree codes specific to BC

first letter genus, then commo name

85
Q

want what level of class

A

site series

86
Q

site series

A

site association + climativ unit

subdivision of site assoc, climatically similar, edaphically diff (SMR AND SNR)

87
Q

edaphic motifier

A

some site series are further divided if have variation in other soil attributes (sandy)

88
Q

ecological equivilance

A

two sies with similar growing conds and same veg potential

89
Q

RSMR and ASMR

A

relative and absolute
average amount of soil evap by plant / year
abso: quantitative measures of actual evapo and potential evap and soil wat table

90
Q

why two smr’s

A

huge range of SMR aross world
relative gives site compared to other sites in BEC unit
ASMR compare across untis

91
Q

SNR

A

6 classes
A to F
qualitative

92
Q

edatopic grids

A

SMR AND SNR
BEC unit has grid
grey not documented when classified

93
Q

indicator plants

A

plant grwoing in site that can measure SMR and SNR

94
Q

global indicator

A

occurs across wide range of sites/indicator values (fireweek after disturbance)

95
Q

local indicator

A

restricted to narrow range of values (salal)

96
Q

5 objectives of BEC

A

characterize, describe and map BEC units
Characterize and describe major ecosys in units
provid field guilds for biogeo units
develop managemnet for units
promote ecosys as fundament unit of resource management

97
Q

Three main classifications in BEC

A

vegetation class, zonal class, site calss

98
Q

identify site series

A

environ analysis
SMR SNR
edatopic grid

99
Q

when include plant species in veg % cover

A

planted would indicate managemnet not natural

100
Q

what do with site series

A

framework for specific timber range and wildlife management
which trees to plant
optimize productivity

101
Q

limitations of BEC

A

made for forestry
view of climax forests
traditional paradigm of succession and mangement
BC specific

102
Q

series

A

directional (each forest stage then next, no overlap)

103
Q

traditional paradigm

A 
population coevolved
communited integrated units
plant assoc are predictable
boundaries are distinct and persistant
ecotone
oderly
relay floristics
104
Q

manegement and cons in 70’s

A 
economics
social
ecological
Goal: identify segments of landscape to conserve and use est for econ and social
"land sparing"
105
Q

Contemporary paradigm

A 
species are individualistic
gradual change in abundance
species coevist (overlap niches)
chance is stable
complex
106
Q

What is path of succession determined y

A

initial floristics and then distrubances

107
Q

90s mangemenent and cons view

A

more ecological focus
maintain adaptibility to long term cahnges in environ
emerge of ecosys resiliance
“land sharing”

FRST 211 (8 decks)

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