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FRST 211 > CONS module 5&6 > Flashcards

CONS module 5&6 Flashcards

1
Q

Reserve system

A

links more than one reserve to achieve an objectve

regional, prov, natioanl scales

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2
Q

evalutaion of reserve and reserve system

A

needs measuring of specific targest

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3
Q

SLOSS

A

sinlge large or severla small debate
depends on everything
large better overall as more environments and less vulnerable to disturabnce

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4
Q

small argument

A

recommend in certain sites or for place already fragmented
max number of speices protected (higher biod)
heterogeneous hab
target species with small range dispersal
protects better against diseas

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5
Q

SLOSS in BC

A

larger Northern parks only one in south over 100000 ha

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6
Q

reserve design shape

A

apply hab fragmentation (shape impacts core vs edge)

determines susceptibility to nat disturbance events and connectivity to ahbs

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7
Q

reserve design- location

A

distance btw pops barrier to genetic mixing
create metapop structure when too far away
placement improves pop dynamics of target species (lower inbreed)
translocation could be done reserve isolation

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8
Q

QUESTIONS IN prereading ONE

A

DO IT

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9
Q

what do you need to take into account for reserve design

A

shape, location, size, quality, ecosystem function and services

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10
Q

large sloss debate

A

long rang species
more environment types protected
less vulnerable to large scale disturbances

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11
Q

corridors? bens and draws

A

helps gene flow, genetic div, isolation help, increase connectivity
prey may more exposed here, hunted more (choke point), connection maybe with no core, increase edge amount

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12
Q

what can translocation do

A

helpw ith isolation
but harm source and or sink habitat potentially
change inteactions, fam structure, change functions,
think ethically

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13
Q

quality of reserve habtat

A

historically selected LESS productive areas for reserves (more productive for us)
agriculutre takes em

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14
Q

ecosystem function sin reserves

A

larger better as fluctuates

‘insurance’ against massive loss of area or species

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15
Q

ecosystem services in reserves

A

debate on using reserves for serices

land-sharing or land-sparing

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16
Q

land sharing

A

integration of ecosystem services in parks

allow humans and interactions and such

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17
Q

land sparing

A

more like fortress cons, seperation of human and parks

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18
Q

types of protected areas in BC

A 
class A B C pars
Rec areas
ecological reserves
conservancies
PA's
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19
Q

larges area per park

A

class A park

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20
Q

largest area other than parks

A

conservancies

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21
Q

what falls into proteceted areas of BC and Park Act

A

Class A and B, conservancies

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22
Q

environment and landuse act has which areas

A

PA’s

not in protected areas of BC LOL

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23
Q

ecological reserve and protected areas acts

A

ecological reserves

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24
Q

Minitsry of environment and CC looks after waht areas

A

Class C parls and rec sites

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25
Class A parks
COnservation is prmary goal development only reacreation values dedicated to natural environ for inspiration (romantic)
26
Class B Parks
Smaller class, way less exist broader range of activites permitted (mining) but indust cannot impact recreation
27
Class C Parks
not huge group locally managed, smaller, provide local recreation main goal: recreation
28
Recreation areas
crown land set aside for piblic recreation establish mineral resource eval permits some indust activity managed by BC hydro many may become parks or integrated mangement lands in futre (option value)
29
Concervancies
``` second largest type here crown land set for: protection and maintainence of bio div presev and main social, cerem and culutral FN protec and main of rec Devel nat resourses provides wider range low econ activies explicitly recognize FN areas ```
30
Ecological Reserves
``` crown land set for: PSP scientific research and edu purposes representative examples of natrual BC areas with rare or endagngered public access but not for rec ```
31
WMA's
``` wildlife management areas (31) not standard under wildlife act full range of land use planning considers fish and wildlife recognize humans livign here ```
32
why make WMA instaed of park
less push back protect locals land-sharing
33
IUCN reserve types
``` 4: 1strict nature areas 1bwilderness areas 2national park 3natural monument 4 habitat speices management area ```
34
2013 IUCN added two areas
5 protected landscape/seascape | 6 managed resource protected area
35
what do cats 1-4 represent IUCN
true protected areas
36
what do IUCN cats 5 and 6 represent
sustainable development include FN culture and tradition, help protect local lives and ways of life
37
where 5 and 6 mostly in cda
Sask and NUnavet
38
drawbacks from fortress
taking people from home, displacemen,t demonized for returning to home land
39
situraions with good fortress cons
half earth theory no roads (limiting access) ??IDK
40
Interantional PA strategy examples
land sharing incoperates ppl into landscape management private game reserves sacred groves
41
prioritization
process of weighing realitive imp of different prioritites
42
reserve planning
detailed analysis of diff cons plans bu bio, econo, social components
43
why need prioritization
cant do i all lots of opinions ethics money
44
tools for prioritization
three R's representation resiliency redundancy
45
representation
saving some of everything (target as many species as possible) want different habitats in diff jursidictions balance local tedancy to make decision on quality in unhabited areas
46
resiliency
protecting large enough pops to remain viable (requires lots of space)
47
redundancy
saving enough copies of reserves taht we can lose some w/o speices loss also called rarity
48
equilibirum point
starting point before stressor or change | most stable when this amount of stresser
49
shift of environ stressor
are a change in response curve | ball rolls with changes
50
why is there a valley not linear?
many things determine shape not jsut one linear relationship resistance
51
ecosystem resilience
rate at which an ecosystem recovers to equil point after a disturbance
52
overshoot | osciliiation
frequently in response an ecosystem can overshoot and push past the equillpoitn (back and forth ) boom bust
53
what is avery resilient look like
steep walls so cup goes back fact | slope is resiliency
54
what a very resitant graph look like
shallow graph | not a lot of response to a lot of stressor
55
can you have high of both resistance and reslience
no contrary to each other pretty much
56
feedback loop
ecosystems feeds to itself, creates and promotes waht is already there positive
57
alternative ecosystem states
curve has more than one equilibrium point more than one stable place alternate state: will maintian in whatever state unless large disturbance
58
some examples of human impacts
``` collapse of fish stocks outbreaks of disease after inadequate vaccine invasion by exotic speices high elevation logging eutriphication of lakes coral reef degrade trees ingress in savanna ```
59
resistance level throughout curve
increases at top of curve | not all points on curve are equal in terms of resistance and resilience
60
can you put same amount of pressure to go back
nahh bruhh need more effort to get ot OG state usually new ecosys and equils can be very resili
61
changes with large shift
species composition trophic interactions nutrient cycles
62
permanant ecosystem shift
something big enough where ecosystem cannot return to original state volcanic, glaciation, sea level rise
63
change has...
initial resistance, increasing resistance | quick shift
64
eutrophication
influx of nutrients to aquatic | wont return on its own
65
downward trajectory
continously moving down through multiple states until reall bad state
66
transition state for savanna grassland transition
60-80% | very unstable, middle zone
67
linear change
slow and gradual doesnt indicate tipping point no alt ecosystem predicited suggests high ecosystem resistance (Not easy to change states)
68
sigmoidal change
slow progression, rapid hange, slow again into next ecosystem indicates tipping point (hard to know where though) suggests moderate resilience
69
non-linear change
``` rapid progression (hysteresis) quick change into alt ecosystem indicates clear tipping point suggests high resilience ```
70
hysteresis
unstable transition S shape curve 2 stable valleys and ridge btw is unstable
71
what is a reference site
small, close, similar, use instead of history or with represnet point on intended recovery trajectory
72
good reference site
abiotic and biotic conds | range of attribute varitation
73
three things to focus on in goals
structures processess species
74
structures
``` fast to implement looks good to public tangible lots maintainance, short lived if not maintained maybe moer harm thatn good ```
75
Speices
restoring speices maybe not successful if stressor is still there and not addressed public support w flagship pathogen spreading, ethics, expensive
76
Processess
autogenic things in cycle to maintian ecosys func hard to target, longer term nut cycling, water retention, soil stability, nitrogen fix most successful but more time and effort
77
bio crusts
mini communties of fungi, cyano bact, overgrazing damage use structure straw or gel to hold soil together useprocess to add brush piles that start process spray on communities is species
78
things grassland dealing with
water, soil compact, brwoisng, loss of fire, invasive plants, overgrazing
79
enhancement on graph
increaseing process focus, ignore structure | straight up
80
environmental degradation
reduce ecological integraty gradual cahnge down let arrow
81
mitigation/replacement on graph
focus on structure resotry and rehab is best (arrows diag) this is right flat arrow
82
rehab
getting on trajectory towards restoration
83
waht is fire considered
process restoration adn enhancement | in btw both
84
mitigation ideas
new habitat where none was previously componsates for environ damage and hab loss often done to make up for damage else where immediate bens but lots not success
85
enhancement defintion
efforts to aim to improve hab function with specific managemnt goals (reclaimation) make process and rest comes back
86
rehab definiton
added structures immediately improve structures and long term help re-instal process in degraded area autgenic, trajectory line
87
when restorations doesnt work?
process of degradation is not reversible positive feedback loops in system (threshold not linear) time lags in recovery goals not approp,
88
goals not appropriate
to hard, not realisitc, too large, not clear
89
time lag
recovery and restoration is not same trajectory as collapse | lag time until collapse
90
changes from OG to degraded involves:
decrease in ecosys function (processes) | structure (componenets)
91
is decrease in function and structure during a collapse linear?
nooooo | similar to extenction debt, redundant but at some point lose
92
recovery
components or structure first (litte functions at start) develop plan with short and long goals doesnt follow collapse trajectory
93
why choosing goals for restoration good idea
gives focus for restoation and post restoration work/monitoring determine by stakeholder, priorities, landowner, govt policy poorily defined
94
evaluation of goals
habitat structure look like? are more native speices present? does N fixing occur at right rate? ensure not mismathc btw final state and initial goal
95
mission creep
get goal but in negative way that isnt part of goal (trade-off)

FRST 211 (8 decks)

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