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FRST 211 > CONS module 5&6 > Flashcards

CONS module 5&6 Flashcards

1
Q

Reserve system

A

links more than one reserve to achieve an objectve

regional, prov, natioanl scales

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2
Q

evalutaion of reserve and reserve system

A

needs measuring of specific targest

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3
Q

SLOSS

A

sinlge large or severla small debate
depends on everything
large better overall as more environments and less vulnerable to disturabnce

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4
Q

small argument

A

recommend in certain sites or for place already fragmented
max number of speices protected (higher biod)
heterogeneous hab
target species with small range dispersal
protects better against diseas

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5
Q

SLOSS in BC

A

larger Northern parks only one in south over 100000 ha

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6
Q

reserve design shape

A

apply hab fragmentation (shape impacts core vs edge)

determines susceptibility to nat disturbance events and connectivity to ahbs

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7
Q

reserve design- location

A

distance btw pops barrier to genetic mixing
create metapop structure when too far away
placement improves pop dynamics of target species (lower inbreed)
translocation could be done reserve isolation

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8
Q

QUESTIONS IN prereading ONE

A

DO IT

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9
Q

what do you need to take into account for reserve design

A

shape, location, size, quality, ecosystem function and services

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10
Q

large sloss debate

A

long rang species
more environment types protected
less vulnerable to large scale disturbances

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11
Q

corridors? bens and draws

A

helps gene flow, genetic div, isolation help, increase connectivity
prey may more exposed here, hunted more (choke point), connection maybe with no core, increase edge amount

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12
Q

what can translocation do

A

helpw ith isolation
but harm source and or sink habitat potentially
change inteactions, fam structure, change functions,
think ethically

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13
Q

quality of reserve habtat

A

historically selected LESS productive areas for reserves (more productive for us)
agriculutre takes em

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14
Q

ecosystem function sin reserves

A

larger better as fluctuates

‘insurance’ against massive loss of area or species

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15
Q

ecosystem services in reserves

A

debate on using reserves for serices

land-sharing or land-sparing

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16
Q

land sharing

A

integration of ecosystem services in parks

allow humans and interactions and such

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17
Q

land sparing

A

more like fortress cons, seperation of human and parks

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18
Q

types of protected areas in BC

A 
class A B C pars
Rec areas
ecological reserves
conservancies
PA's
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19
Q

larges area per park

A

class A park

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20
Q

largest area other than parks

A

conservancies

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21
Q

what falls into proteceted areas of BC and Park Act

A

Class A and B, conservancies

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22
Q

environment and landuse act has which areas

A

PA’s

not in protected areas of BC LOL

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23
Q

ecological reserve and protected areas acts

A

ecological reserves

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24
Q

Minitsry of environment and CC looks after waht areas

A

Class C parls and rec sites

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25
Q

Class A parks

A

COnservation is prmary goal
development only reacreation values
dedicated to natural environ for inspiration (romantic)

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26
Q

Class B Parks

A

Smaller class, way less exist
broader range of activites permitted (mining)
but indust cannot impact recreation

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27
Q

Class C Parks

A

not huge group
locally managed, smaller, provide local recreation
main goal: recreation

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28
Q

Recreation areas

A

crown land set aside for piblic recreation
establish mineral resource eval
permits some indust activity
managed by BC hydro many
may become parks or integrated mangement lands in futre
(option value)

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29
Q

Concervancies

A 
second largest type here
crown land set for:
protection and maintainence of bio div
presev and main social, cerem and culutral FN
protec and main of rec
Devel nat resourses
provides wider range low econ activies
explicitly recognize FN areas
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30
Q

Ecological Reserves

A 
crown land set for:
PSP
scientific research and edu purposes
representative examples of natrual BC
areas with rare or endagngered
public access but not for rec
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31
Q

WMA’s

A 
wildlife management areas (31)
not standard
under wildlife act
full range of land use
planning considers fish and wildlife
recognize humans livign here
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32
Q

why make WMA instaed of park

A

less push back
protect locals
land-sharing

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33
Q

IUCN reserve types

A 
4:
1strict nature areas
1bwilderness areas
2national park
3natural monument
4 habitat speices management area
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34
Q

2013 IUCN added two areas

A

5 protected landscape/seascape

6 managed resource protected area

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35
Q

what do cats 1-4 represent IUCN

A

true protected areas

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36
Q

what do IUCN cats 5 and 6 represent

A

sustainable development
include FN culture and tradition,
help protect local lives and ways of life

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37
Q

where 5 and 6 mostly in cda

A

Sask and NUnavet

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38
Q

drawbacks from fortress

A

taking people from home, displacemen,t demonized for returning to home land

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39
Q

situraions with good fortress cons

A

half earth theory
no roads (limiting access)
??IDK

40
Q

Interantional PA strategy examples

A

land sharing incoperates ppl into landscape management
private game reserves
sacred groves

41
Q

prioritization

A

process of weighing realitive imp of different prioritites

42
Q

reserve planning

A

detailed analysis of diff cons plans bu bio, econo, social components

43
Q

why need prioritization

A

cant do i all
lots of opinions
ethics
money

44
Q

tools for prioritization

A

three R’s
representation
resiliency
redundancy

45
Q

representation

A

saving some of everything (target as many species as possible)
want different habitats in diff jursidictions
balance local tedancy to make decision on quality in unhabited areas

46
Q

resiliency

A

protecting large enough pops to remain viable (requires lots of space)

47
Q

redundancy

A

saving enough copies of reserves taht we can lose some w/o speices loss also called rarity

48
Q

equilibirum point

A

starting point before stressor or change

most stable when this amount of stresser

49
Q

shift of environ stressor

A

are a change in response curve

ball rolls with changes

50
Q

why is there a valley not linear?

A

many things determine shape
not jsut one linear relationship
resistance

51
Q

ecosystem resilience

A

rate at which an ecosystem recovers to equil point after a disturbance

52
Q

overshoot

osciliiation

A

frequently in response an ecosystem can overshoot and push past the equillpoitn (back and forth )
boom bust

53
Q

what is avery resilient look like

A

steep walls so cup goes back fact

slope is resiliency

54
Q

what a very resitant graph look like

A

shallow graph

not a lot of response to a lot of stressor

55
Q

can you have high of both resistance and reslience

A

no contrary to each other pretty much

56
Q

feedback loop

A

ecosystems feeds to itself, creates and promotes waht is already there
positive

57
Q

alternative ecosystem states

A

curve has more than one equilibrium point
more than one stable place
alternate state: will maintian in whatever state unless large disturbance

58
Q

some examples of human impacts

A 
collapse of fish stocks
outbreaks of disease after inadequate vaccine
invasion by exotic speices
high elevation logging
eutriphication of lakes
coral reef degrade
trees ingress in savanna
59
Q

resistance level throughout curve

A

increases at top of curve

not all points on curve are equal in terms of resistance and resilience

60
Q

can you put same amount of pressure to go back

A

nahh bruhh
need more effort to get ot OG state usually
new ecosys and equils can be very resili

61
Q

changes with large shift

A

species composition
trophic interactions
nutrient cycles

62
Q

permanant ecosystem shift

A

something big enough where ecosystem cannot return to original state
volcanic, glaciation, sea level rise

63
Q

change has…

A

initial resistance, increasing resistance

quick shift

64
Q

eutrophication

A

influx of nutrients to aquatic

wont return on its own

65
Q

downward trajectory

A

continously moving down through multiple states until reall bad state

66
Q

transition state for savanna grassland transition

A

60-80%

very unstable, middle zone

67
Q

linear change

A

slow and gradual
doesnt indicate tipping point
no alt ecosystem predicited
suggests high ecosystem resistance (Not easy to change states)

68
Q

sigmoidal change

A

slow progression, rapid hange, slow again into next ecosystem
indicates tipping point (hard to know where though)
suggests moderate resilience

69
Q

non-linear change

A 
rapid progression (hysteresis)
quick change into alt ecosystem 
indicates clear tipping point
suggests high resilience
70
Q

hysteresis

A

unstable transition
S shape curve
2 stable valleys and ridge btw is unstable

71
Q

what is a reference site

A

small, close, similar,
use instead of history or with
represnet point on intended recovery trajectory

72
Q

good reference site

A

abiotic and biotic conds

range of attribute varitation

73
Q

three things to focus on in goals

A

structures
processess
species

74
Q

structures

A 
fast to implement 
looks good to public
tangible
lots maintainance, short lived if not maintained
maybe moer harm thatn good
75
Q

Speices

A

restoring speices
maybe not successful if stressor is still there and not addressed
public support w flagship
pathogen spreading, ethics, expensive

76
Q

Processess

A

autogenic things in cycle to maintian ecosys func
hard to target, longer term
nut cycling, water retention, soil stability, nitrogen fix
most successful but more time and effort

77
Q

bio crusts

A

mini communties of fungi, cyano bact, overgrazing damage
use structure straw or gel to hold soil together
useprocess to add brush piles that start process
spray on communities is species

78
Q

things grassland dealing with

A

water, soil compact, brwoisng, loss of fire, invasive plants, overgrazing

79
Q

enhancement on graph

A

increaseing process focus, ignore structure

straight up

80
Q

environmental degradation

A

reduce ecological integraty
gradual cahnge
down let arrow

81
Q

mitigation/replacement on graph

A

focus on structure
resotry and rehab is best (arrows diag)
this is right flat arrow

82
Q

rehab

A

getting on trajectory towards restoration

83
Q

waht is fire considered

A

process restoration adn enhancement

in btw both

84
Q

mitigation ideas

A

new habitat where none was previously
componsates for environ damage and hab loss
often done to make up for damage else where
immediate bens but lots not success

85
Q

enhancement defintion

A

efforts to aim to improve hab function with specific managemnt goals (reclaimation)
make process and rest comes back

86
Q

rehab definiton

A

added structures immediately improve structures and long term
help re-instal process in degraded area
autgenic, trajectory line

87
Q

when restorations doesnt work?

A

process of degradation is not reversible
positive feedback loops in system (threshold not linear)
time lags in recovery
goals not approp,

88
Q

goals not appropriate

A

to hard, not realisitc, too large, not clear

89
Q

time lag

A

recovery and restoration is not same trajectory as collapse

lag time until collapse

90
Q

changes from OG to degraded involves:

A

decrease in ecosys function (processes)

structure (componenets)

91
Q

is decrease in function and structure during a collapse linear?

A

nooooo

similar to extenction debt, redundant but at some point lose

92
Q

recovery

A

components or structure first (litte functions at start)
develop plan with short and long goals
doesnt follow collapse trajectory

93
Q

why choosing goals for restoration good idea

A

gives focus for restoation and post restoration work/monitoring
determine by stakeholder, priorities, landowner, govt policy
poorily defined

94
Q

evaluation of goals

A

habitat structure look like?
are more native speices present?
does N fixing occur at right rate?
ensure not mismathc btw final state and initial goal

95
Q

mission creep

A

get goal but in negative way that isnt part of goal (trade-off)

FRST 211 (8 decks)

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