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FRST 211 > FRST 211 midterm 3 > Flashcards

FRST 211 midterm 3 Flashcards

1
Q

silvics

A

ecological study of forest trees
life hsitory and characters of stands
environ and genetics
basis for practicing silviculture

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2
Q

3 management objectives and site features of silvlicutlural systems

A
  1. pre harvest prescription
  2. regen cuttin gmethods
  3. post regen treatement
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3
Q

2 categories of regen cuttin gmethods

A
  1. even aged ( most harvested at same time

2. uneven aged: proportions harvested intervals

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4
Q

even aged examples

A

clearcutting
seed tree
shelterwood

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5
Q

uneven aged examples

A

patch cuts
group selection
single-tree selection

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6
Q

1960s management

A

clearcutting mostley

soemtiems understoury protected

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7
Q

last 20 25 years management style

A

move to patch or variable
more complex structure
mixed species stand

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8
Q

regeneration options

A

direct seeding
planting
natural regen
advance regen

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9
Q

seedligns advantages and disadvantages

A 
advan: higher sucess rate
plant more specific microsties
head start on competing vegetation
disad: high cost
harder to store transport and plant
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10
Q

seed advantages and disadvantagess

A

advant: lower cost, easy to story transport and plant
disad: high variability in succes (riskier)
seeds consumed by animals
less precision
direct compet with other veg

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11
Q

clearcut

A

entire stand of trees in one harvest
>1 hectare and >2 tree heigths in widht
>50% open climate (not edge influenced)

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12
Q

regen for clearcut

A

even aged p[latning, natural or advanced, direct seeding
shade intolerant or exposure tolerant
species that grow wide range of substrates with fast intiial rates

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13
Q

block clearcut with reserves

A

trees retained for objectives other than regen

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14
Q

seed tree

A

provide seed source for nat regen
even aged, single or double cohort
after nat regen, trees cut

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15
Q

regen for seed tree

A

shade intoleratn or exposure tolerant

spatial config, timin gof cut and site prep important

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16
Q

criteria fo rleacving trees in seed tree

A

large dominat
windfirm (topographic, exposure wihtin path or edge, tree roots,s tem and crown)
good seed source

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17
Q

Shleterwood

A 
preparatory cut (leave windfirm, more growht and cone prod)
seed cut (gaps for regen, provide protection adn seed)
Removal cut: after regen, shelther not needed
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18
Q

regen for shelterwood

A

shade tolerant or protection requiring
provide seeds for nat regen
release of retained trees (more volume increments for future harvest

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19
Q

uniform shelterwood

A

retention % changes all
20-25: cool seedbed
30: moist seedbed
>50: protection from frost

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20
Q

group shelterwood

A

harvest for gaps and small patches to facilitate nat regen and or planting

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21
Q

Nurse-tree shelterwood

A

two canopy strata
2+ species
overstoyr: protects regen, og stand or established after cutting

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22
Q

selection systems

A

uneven aged mangement
harvst specific interval
harvest single scaterred indivs or small groups
encourage relatively freq estab of regen in canopy
encourage uneven canopy and stand structure

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23
Q

single tree selection

A

remove 1+ tree of range (small gaps)
cutting cycle 1-10+ yrs
very shade tolerant species
creates multi-cohort stands

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24
Q

group selection

A 
cut trees in defined groups
openeing <2 tree heights
shade intolerant 
favors shade tolerant 
creates multi cohort
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25
patch cut system
openeings <1hectare small even ages stansd uneven aged at coarser scales does not depends on shelter, provided by surrouding uncut
26
variable retention
btw even aged and unevenaged | objetive: reduce ecologicla impact by retaint biological legacies
27
two types variable retentions
dispersal aggregate FINDOUT MORE
28
how transition from grassland to dry forest
grassland: slope, dry south aspect, sage brush, bunchgrass is canopy, infreq tree low: trees in drainages mid: trees in cool aspect too high: trees more cont woodlands to open canopy open canopy to closed
29
differences in graphs btw IDF PP and BG
IDF: warm dry summer (no deficit) growing season frosts PP: big water deficit, driest and warmest forested zone BG: big water deficit, too try for forest
30
Forests in each BG PP and IDF
BG: bunchgrass and sagebrush PP: pp woodlands and bunchgrass understory IDF: DF and Lodgepole forests
31
Cryptogamic crust
fragile, thin soil crust mossed, lichens, bact and algae protect from erosion, provide nts and store water In BG
32
two sites in BG
BGxh and BGxw | very dry hot and very dry warm
33
PP zones
PPxh and PPdh | very dry hot and dry hot
34
how many zones in IDF
7 subzones (very dry) xh, xw, xm, (dry) dm, dk, (wet) mw, ww
35
PP in BC
pacific vairet northern extent of their natural range Dry SMr and rich SNR
36
silvics of PP
``` shade intolerant tolerant of heat and water defs moisture limiting Allocates to roots, deep tap, root grafing, mycorr susceptible to drought frost intolerant ```
37
IDF BC
interior | wide edaphic amplitude
38
silvics of IDF
``` seeds germ on mineral soil, not wood moderately shade tolerant protection requiring seedlings sus to frost root growth allocation deep tap, spread prop to crown, mycorr, grafting ```
39
Lodgepole pine bc
rocky mountain common thorughout wide edpahic
40
silvics of lodgepole
full sunlight, mineral, no comp (optimal) shade tolerant, heat tolerant, drought sens rapid initial grwth, even aged
41
ecotone
transition area btw adjacent ecosystems that are different gradual or abrupt zone of constant change and complex feedbacks
42
limits of ecotone
physcial: climate and soils seedsource disturbance (drives mortalitity)
43
masting
every 4 -5 years mass cone production
44
regeneration dynamics
establishment and survival (seed source, weather, comp)
45
20th century changes in grasslands
reduced by 30-40% intro exotic, invasive species endangered plant associations and speices
46
changes in grassland in terms of fprest
invasion of PP and DF into grasslands increased tree cover decreased grassland increased tree dens
47
corroborating evidence in 20th century change
soil chem indicated past grassland tree ages indicated recent invasion scars show reduced fire land use records
48
post fire conditions of PP
``` exposed mineral soil growing space and light rapid initial growth release of surviving trees long lived (600) ```
49
mortality sources PP
disturbances: stand replacing fires insects rots and rusts
50
Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)
shift in phases every 20-40 years | warm/cool surface waters in NOrthern pacific ocean
51
what do PDO and ENSO drive
climate mediated disturbances
52
what shifts of PDO
2000-'s shif upward with drought, CC
53
KNOW TRIANGLE
DO IT
54
ICH
inter cedar-hemlock low to mid elevation forest on windward slopes and wetter climates in mnt S and SE east of coastal mnts
55
PP and IDF in triangle
low elevtaion, valley bottoms PP- okanagan, rocky mnt trench IDF- okanagan, cariboo, rocky mnt trench
56
Montane Spruce (MS) triangle
mid-elevations on leeside of COast, cascade and rocky mnt on drier southen interior plateau
57
ESSF
engelmann spruce subalpine fir high elevation in sourth 3/4 aboce ICH, MS, SBS, BWBS northedn replaced by SWB
58
AT
``` alpine tundra highg elecation throughout above ESSF (MH+SWB) lower limit treeline low elev w high lat high elev with high contenentality ```
59
why on triangle is transistion from ESSF to TA higher on east side
wetter climat on west more precip in windward more snopack on windward cuz colder temps shorter growing season here thne
60
interior continental cliamte
cold winter, warm sum air masses adn oro uplift (windward wet, leeward rainshadow) snow: persistnat = short growing season elevation gradiant
61
explain elevation gradient on interior contnental climate regime
``` high eleve= decrease temp decrease growing season higher wind exposire higher snow depth and persis ```
62
vegetation in IDF
transitional, low elevation woodlands and high elevation closed-canopy
63
vegetaion ICH
highest diversity of tree speices in BC | moisture gradiant btw forest types
64
vegetation MS
transistional tree speices similar to ESSF, IDF and ICH some old forests with scars extensive young lodgepine
65
vegetation in ESSF
high elecation forests
66
natural distrubances tyeps in BC
1-5
67
AT nat disturbance
very rare fires (5)
68
ESSF ICH nat disturbance
rare stand-initiating fire on moist to wet sites (1) | infreq stand initiating fires on dry (2)
69
MS nat disturbance
freq stand intiaiting fires (3)
70
BG PP and IDF nat disturbance
frequent stand maintaining fires (4)
71
interval for disturbacne for forest tyrpes
ESSF, AT, ICH, MS (tp of triangle) > 150 years stand initiating BG, PP, IDF (bottom) 4-50 years stand maintaing
72
mixed severity fire regime
infreq stand replacing and freq stand mainatian 100-250 years for initiatin 2-100yrs for maintaining overlap of top and bottome
73
tree that have adaptations to stand maintaining surface fires or quick regen after stand replacing
PP IDF Western Larch
74
PP fire adapts
``` thick bark self pruning (reduce ladder fuels) post conditions: exposed min, growing space and light, reduced comp, rapid intial growth long lived <600yrs ```
75
IDF fir adapts
thick back post fire: exposed min, growing space lags on warm sites bc they require prtection, moderately shade tolerant long lived = 500+
76
where find western larch
``` IDF, ICH, MS of SE BC decidious conifer (adapted to cold conds) ```
77
Western Larch fir adapts
very shade intolerant, exposure requiring regens in openings thick bark veteran trees (see source) monderatly tolerant of heat and water defs
78
IDF management
cleacuts on mesic shelterwood on dry nat regen: seed dissemination neef for protect artif regen: aerial seeding and planting
79
western larch management
shelterwood or other retention systems provide seed source for nat regen arti regen: planting
80
trees adapted to regen after stand replaicing fires
lodgepole pone trembling aspen fire intolerant, but regen after stand replaicing readilgy regen and grow in clearcuts
81
fire adapts Lodgepole pine
``` regen fire driven seotinous cones (heat to open) prolific seed production seed dissemination (<100m, some longer on ground with wind) rapid grwth rate high density (overstock) stagnation of stands ^ thinning releases ```
82
optimale germ of lodgepole pine
full sunlight mineral soil no comp (shade intolerant, heat tolerant, sens to drought) evena ged managed (clearcutting with nat regen or planting)
83
trembling aspen fire adapts
exposure requiring shade intolerant but root suckering (share nuts, increase shade tolerance) facilitates regen within 3 yrs of fire early to mid success
84
PP CC impacts
more drought mortality More mnt pine beetle no freezing temps more stand replacing fires
85
Lodgepole pine CC impacts
more mnt pine beetle | more stand replacing fire
86
IDF CC impacts
moer stnad replaing cie more bark beetls more defoliators

FRST 211 (8 decks)

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