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FRST 211 > FRST 211 midterm 3 > Flashcards

FRST 211 midterm 3 Flashcards

1
Q

silvics

A

ecological study of forest trees
life hsitory and characters of stands
environ and genetics
basis for practicing silviculture

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2
Q

3 management objectives and site features of silvlicutlural systems

A
  1. pre harvest prescription
  2. regen cuttin gmethods
  3. post regen treatement
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3
Q

2 categories of regen cuttin gmethods

A
  1. even aged ( most harvested at same time

2. uneven aged: proportions harvested intervals

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4
Q

even aged examples

A

clearcutting
seed tree
shelterwood

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5
Q

uneven aged examples

A

patch cuts
group selection
single-tree selection

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6
Q

1960s management

A

clearcutting mostley

soemtiems understoury protected

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7
Q

last 20 25 years management style

A

move to patch or variable
more complex structure
mixed species stand

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8
Q

regeneration options

A

direct seeding
planting
natural regen
advance regen

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9
Q

seedligns advantages and disadvantages

A 
advan: higher sucess rate
plant more specific microsties
head start on competing vegetation
disad: high cost
harder to store transport and plant
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10
Q

seed advantages and disadvantagess

A

advant: lower cost, easy to story transport and plant
disad: high variability in succes (riskier)
seeds consumed by animals
less precision
direct compet with other veg

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11
Q

clearcut

A

entire stand of trees in one harvest
>1 hectare and >2 tree heigths in widht
>50% open climate (not edge influenced)

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12
Q

regen for clearcut

A

even aged p[latning, natural or advanced, direct seeding
shade intolerant or exposure tolerant
species that grow wide range of substrates with fast intiial rates

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13
Q

block clearcut with reserves

A

trees retained for objectives other than regen

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14
Q

seed tree

A

provide seed source for nat regen
even aged, single or double cohort
after nat regen, trees cut

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15
Q

regen for seed tree

A

shade intoleratn or exposure tolerant

spatial config, timin gof cut and site prep important

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16
Q

criteria fo rleacving trees in seed tree

A

large dominat
windfirm (topographic, exposure wihtin path or edge, tree roots,s tem and crown)
good seed source

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17
Q

Shleterwood

A 
preparatory cut (leave windfirm, more growht and cone prod)
seed cut (gaps for regen, provide protection adn seed)
Removal cut: after regen, shelther not needed
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18
Q

regen for shelterwood

A

shade tolerant or protection requiring
provide seeds for nat regen
release of retained trees (more volume increments for future harvest

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19
Q

uniform shelterwood

A

retention % changes all
20-25: cool seedbed
30: moist seedbed
>50: protection from frost

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20
Q

group shelterwood

A

harvest for gaps and small patches to facilitate nat regen and or planting

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21
Q

Nurse-tree shelterwood

A

two canopy strata
2+ species
overstoyr: protects regen, og stand or established after cutting

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22
Q

selection systems

A

uneven aged mangement
harvst specific interval
harvest single scaterred indivs or small groups
encourage relatively freq estab of regen in canopy
encourage uneven canopy and stand structure

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23
Q

single tree selection

A

remove 1+ tree of range (small gaps)
cutting cycle 1-10+ yrs
very shade tolerant species
creates multi-cohort stands

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24
Q

group selection

A 
cut trees in defined groups
openeing <2 tree heights
shade intolerant 
favors shade tolerant 
creates multi cohort
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25
Q

patch cut system

A

openeings <1hectare
small even ages stansd
uneven aged at coarser scales
does not depends on shelter, provided by surrouding uncut

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26
Q

variable retention

A

btw even aged and unevenaged

objetive: reduce ecologicla impact by retaint biological legacies

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27
Q

two types variable retentions

A

dispersal
aggregate
FINDOUT MORE

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28
Q

how transition from grassland to dry forest

A

grassland: slope, dry south aspect, sage brush, bunchgrass is canopy, infreq tree
low: trees in drainages
mid: trees in cool aspect too
high: trees more cont
woodlands to open canopy
open canopy to closed

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29
Q

differences in graphs btw IDF PP and BG

A

IDF: warm dry summer (no deficit)
growing season frosts
PP: big water deficit, driest and warmest forested zone
BG: big water deficit, too try for forest

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30
Q

Forests in each BG PP and IDF

A

BG: bunchgrass and sagebrush
PP: pp woodlands and bunchgrass understory
IDF: DF and Lodgepole forests

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31
Q

Cryptogamic crust

A

fragile, thin soil crust
mossed, lichens, bact and algae
protect from erosion, provide nts and store water
In BG

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32
Q

two sites in BG

A

BGxh and BGxw

very dry hot and very dry warm

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33
Q

PP zones

A

PPxh and PPdh

very dry hot and dry hot

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34
Q

how many zones in IDF

A

7 subzones
(very dry) xh, xw, xm,
(dry) dm, dk,
(wet) mw, ww

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35
Q

PP in BC

A

pacific vairet
northern extent of their natural range
Dry SMr and rich SNR

36
Q

silvics of PP

A 
shade intolerant
tolerant of heat and water defs
moisture limiting
 Allocates to roots, deep tap, root grafing, mycorr
susceptible to drought
frost intolerant
37
Q

IDF BC

A

interior

wide edaphic amplitude

38
Q

silvics of IDF

A 
seeds germ on mineral soil, not wood
moderately shade tolerant
protection requiring
seedlings sus to frost
root growth allocation
deep tap, spread prop to crown, mycorr, grafting
39
Q

Lodgepole pine bc

A

rocky mountain
common thorughout
wide edpahic

40
Q

silvics of lodgepole

A

full sunlight, mineral, no comp (optimal)
shade tolerant, heat tolerant, drought sens
rapid initial grwth, even aged

41
Q

ecotone

A

transition area btw adjacent ecosystems that are different
gradual or abrupt
zone of constant change and complex feedbacks

42
Q

limits of ecotone

A

physcial: climate and soils
seedsource
disturbance (drives mortalitity)

43
Q

masting

A

every 4 -5 years mass cone production

44
Q

regeneration dynamics

A

establishment and survival (seed source, weather, comp)

45
Q

20th century changes in grasslands

A

reduced by 30-40%
intro exotic, invasive species
endangered plant associations and speices

46
Q

changes in grassland in terms of fprest

A

invasion of PP and DF into grasslands
increased tree cover
decreased grassland
increased tree dens

47
Q

corroborating evidence in 20th century change

A

soil chem indicated past grassland
tree ages indicated recent invasion
scars show reduced fire
land use records

48
Q

post fire conditions of PP

A 
exposed mineral soil
growing space and light
rapid initial growth
release of surviving trees
long lived (600)
49
Q

mortality sources PP

A

disturbances: stand replacing fires
insects
rots and rusts

50
Q

Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)

A

shift in phases every 20-40 years

warm/cool surface waters in NOrthern pacific ocean

51
Q

what do PDO and ENSO drive

A

climate mediated disturbances

52
Q

what shifts of PDO

A

2000-‘s shif upward with drought, CC

53
Q

KNOW TRIANGLE

A

DO IT

54
Q

ICH

A

inter cedar-hemlock
low to mid elevation forest on windward slopes and wetter climates in mnt S and SE
east of coastal mnts

55
Q

PP and IDF in triangle

A

low elevtaion, valley bottoms
PP- okanagan, rocky mnt trench
IDF- okanagan, cariboo, rocky mnt trench

56
Q

Montane Spruce (MS) triangle

A

mid-elevations on leeside of COast, cascade and rocky mnt on drier
southen interior plateau

57
Q

ESSF

A

engelmann spruce subalpine fir
high elevation in sourth 3/4
aboce ICH, MS, SBS, BWBS
northedn replaced by SWB

58
Q

AT

A 
alpine tundra
highg elecation throughout
above ESSF (MH+SWB)
lower limit treeline
low elev w high lat
high elev with high contenentality
59
Q

why on triangle is transistion from ESSF to TA higher on east side

A

wetter climat on west
more precip in windward
more snopack on windward cuz colder temps
shorter growing season here thne

60
Q

interior continental cliamte

A

cold winter, warm sum
air masses adn oro uplift (windward wet, leeward rainshadow)
snow: persistnat = short growing season
elevation gradiant

61
Q

explain elevation gradient on interior contnental climate regime

A 
high eleve=
decrease temp
decrease growing season
higher wind exposire
higher snow depth and persis
62
Q

vegetation in IDF

A

transitional, low elevation woodlands and high elevation closed-canopy

63
Q

vegetaion ICH

A

highest diversity of tree speices in BC

moisture gradiant btw forest types

64
Q

vegetation MS

A

transistional
tree speices similar to ESSF, IDF and ICH
some old forests with scars
extensive young lodgepine

65
Q

vegetation in ESSF

A

high elecation forests

66
Q

natural distrubances tyeps in BC

A

1-5

67
Q

AT nat disturbance

A

very rare fires (5)

68
Q

ESSF ICH nat disturbance

A

rare stand-initiating fire on moist to wet sites (1)

infreq stand initiating fires on dry (2)

69
Q

MS nat disturbance

A

freq stand intiaiting fires (3)

70
Q

BG PP and IDF nat disturbance

A

frequent stand maintaining fires (4)

71
Q

interval for disturbacne for forest tyrpes

A

ESSF, AT, ICH, MS (tp of triangle) > 150 years stand initiating
BG, PP, IDF (bottom) 4-50 years stand maintaing

72
Q

mixed severity fire regime

A

infreq stand replacing and freq stand mainatian
100-250 years for initiatin
2-100yrs for maintaining
overlap of top and bottome

73
Q

tree that have adaptations to stand maintaining surface fires
or quick regen after stand replacing

A

PP
IDF
Western Larch

74
Q

PP fire adapts

A 
thick bark
self pruning (reduce ladder fuels)
post conditions: exposed min, growing space and light, reduced comp, rapid intial growth
long lived <600yrs
75
Q

IDF fir adapts

A

thick back
post fire: exposed min, growing space
lags on warm sites bc they require prtection, moderately shade tolerant
long lived = 500+

76
Q

where find western larch

A 
IDF, ICH, MS of SE BC
decidious conifer (adapted to cold conds)
77
Q

Western Larch fir adapts

A

very shade intolerant, exposure requiring
regens in openings
thick bark
veteran trees (see source)
monderatly tolerant of heat and water defs

78
Q

IDF management

A

cleacuts on mesic
shelterwood on dry
nat regen: seed dissemination neef for protect
artif regen: aerial seeding and planting

79
Q

western larch management

A

shelterwood or other retention systems provide seed source for nat regen
arti regen: planting

80
Q

trees adapted to regen after stand replaicing fires

A

lodgepole pone
trembling aspen

fire intolerant, but regen after stand replaicing
readilgy regen and grow in clearcuts

81
Q

fire adapts Lodgepole pine

A 
regen fire driven
seotinous cones (heat to open)
prolific seed production
seed dissemination (<100m, some longer on ground with wind)
rapid grwth rate
high density (overstock)
stagnation of stands ^
thinning releases
82
Q

optimale germ of lodgepole pine

A

full sunlight
mineral soil
no comp
(shade intolerant, heat tolerant, sens to drought)
evena ged managed (clearcutting with nat regen or planting)

83
Q

trembling aspen fire adapts

A

exposure requiring
shade intolerant but root suckering (share nuts, increase shade tolerance)
facilitates regen within 3 yrs of fire
early to mid success

84
Q

PP CC impacts

A

more drought mortality
More mnt pine beetle no freezing temps
more stand replacing fires

85
Q

Lodgepole pine CC impacts

A

more mnt pine beetle

more stand replacing fire

86
Q

IDF CC impacts

A

moer stnad replaing cie
more bark beetls
more defoliators

FRST 211 (8 decks)

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