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FRST 211 > CONS330 > Flashcards

CONS330 Flashcards

1
Q

Why study extinction?

A

find out what is normal
knowing hwy helps prevent
know features that make animal prone to it

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2
Q

extinct

A

none in world

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3
Q

functionally extinct

A

such low numbers that population cannot reproduce so cant sustain itselve

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4
Q

ecologicallly extinct

A

such low numbers that species impacts on community and ecosyst are negligible

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5
Q

what is extinction rate

A

loss of taxa over some estimate of time

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6
Q

two extinction types

A

catastrophic and background

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7
Q

what are our estimates of past extinctions based on

A

localized deposits with special conds

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8
Q

fossils

A

not all animals can do
have to be perf conditions
burgess shale so good

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9
Q

background extinction

A 
normal evolutionary process
species outcompeted
natural loss of special habitat
low-no immunity to disease
predation
co-extinction
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10
Q

effects of extinciton

A

leave ‘empty niche space’ for others to fill

soemtimes gaps arent filled = shift in ecosystem function

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11
Q

Red Queen Hypothesis

A

species have to constantly evolove not only to succeed but to survive
bc changing environs

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12
Q

darwinian demons

A

hypothetical organisms that have a set of biological features that allow them to dominate
life history, ecology, behaviour, lots offspring, no limits, high phenotypic plasticity

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13
Q

how calculate RATE of extinction?

A

Consider how we estimate many species we have in the world is it similar?
How much estimation goes into it? Data? Science?

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14
Q

values of extinction science to cons

A 
predict susecptibility
predict survival of events
describe events we cant simulate
set goals fore restoration
put restoration goals into perspective
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15
Q

Predicting susceptibility to extinction

A

background are not RANDOM
delay breeding in long-lived species
small pop size start
niche specialization

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16
Q

extinction risk

A

range size, specialization, population size, age of maturity, rate of offspring production

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17
Q

Sensitivity analysis

A

measure of absolute imp of vital rates

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18
Q

elasticity analysis

A

measure of relative imp of vital rates

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19
Q

when does susceptibility decrease

A

when all vital rates (birth, death) are equally imp to growth rate

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20
Q

variability in vital rates

A

mammals are less prine becuase species vary in things

varying life history to changing environments helps

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21
Q

Predicting survival of extinction events

A

most likely a disastor species takes over after

= hugely abundant, virtually cosmopolitan speices (dom fossils)

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22
Q

Describe events we cannot simulate

A

past mass extinctions linked to decline in primary prod

starved marine and terresterial herbivore (bottom-up effect)

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23
Q

baing restoration goals on ecological functions of species

A

ecologicaly proxy for extinct species?
elephant for mammath?
can we restore ecosys functions thorugh reintro of large animals

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24
Q

largest mass extinction

A

pleistocene, NA lost 37 mammalian genera (70%) of megafauna

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25
Q

hypothesis’ for pleistocene

A

humans move over land bridge wiped out large preds
rapid CC caused ecosys shift thorugh plant loss (bottom up)
combination onf ^^

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26
Q

Setting restoration goals into perspective

A

think about baselines

pre colonialism, dont dissmiss indigenous thinking

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27
Q

morals

A

refer ot human values and personal codes of conduct (right vs wrong)

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28
Q

ethics

A

behaviours hat reflect morals and codes followed by a group or culture

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29
Q

why ethics needed in natural resources

A 
subjective
involve humans and other live things
guides practitioners
protection
address power descrepencies
resolve dipute
30
Q

how enforce ethics

A

peer reviews
performance review
work review

31
Q

ethical issues in cons

A

competing needs
translocation
conflicts of interest

32
Q

competing needs

A

of species at risk

invasive but at risk?

33
Q

translocation

A

of indivs of endangered species (damage small pops)

34
Q

conflicts of interest

A

btw stakeholders

govt and contractors

35
Q

who does ethic approval

A

federal

is diff in each country

36
Q

human and wildlife interaction types

A

direct

competing goals

37
Q

direct interactions

A

killing wolves that eat livestock
link cons to ecosys services, develop community programs
ethnocentrism and cultural relativism

38
Q

competing goals of human wildlife interactions

A

humans for cons

livelihood vs wildlife needs

39
Q

ethnocentrism

A

viewing others from perspective of YOUR culture

40
Q

cultural relativism

A

viewing the actions of othrs in the context of THEIR culture

41
Q

cultural imperialism

A

DEFINE

42
Q

zero sum thinking

A

win and lose
both cant gain
no cooperation

43
Q

GO OVER GAME THEORY

A

DOOO ITTT

44
Q

cooperation

A

cons efforts fail unless both coop
costs and impacts are low for both
usually good

45
Q

playing chicken

A

cons efforts will secceed if just one coop

cost and impacts high, both benefit from one commitint

46
Q

stag hunt

A

efforts succeed if one coop
cost and impacts are moderate if one coop
costs are higher but msot effective if both coop
usuallyu coop

47
Q

Prisoner’s dilemma

A 
free rider
cons efforts may work if one coop
costs and impacts are high, both benefits if one commits
chance be conserved anyways (global)
may not coop even if bestchoice is ot
48
Q

types of studies in cons

A

monitering “classic”

survey (humanities)

49
Q

monitoring

A

ecamin natural ecosystem or observation making

methods pre-screened prior to data gathering

50
Q

survey

A

examines opinions via questionnare, survey or interview

requires ethics training

51
Q

basic design

A

compare response of subject under two diff treatments/factors

52
Q

replication

A

done in studies because allows more accuracy and result security

53
Q

replicate within study

A

not same as repeating experiment

54
Q

replicated

A

treatement replicates, indiv stores, independent of eachother

55
Q

technical repliate

A

not independent of each other

measure same thing

56
Q

expiremental control

A

benchmark or comparison for treatment
testable platform for your hypothesis
can be facotr, have to justify
can use absense of facotr not always posib or meaningful

57
Q

control as factor

A

must justify

pick prediction as control if factor

58
Q

what cons studies strive for

A

reliable and predictive

59
Q

type 1 error

A

incorrectly reject null

detects a trend where isnt one

60
Q

type 2 error

A

incorreclty accepts null hypo

fails to detect trend that is there

61
Q

which error worse for ocns?

A

type 2

62
Q

two monitoring types

A

intesive

extiensive

63
Q

intensive monitoring

A

short time fram, small scope, local

64
Q

extensive monitoring

A

long time frame, larger scope, large area

65
Q

what more used for policu? long ot short design

A

long term but short term more prevelent

66
Q

drawbacks intensive

A

cant detect broad trends

67
Q

drawback extensive

A

cost, time, space

68
Q

reference site

A

site nearby area of interst with similar conds

69
Q

BACI

A

before-after-control-impact

70
Q

What does BACI monitor

A

two proximal areas
(one impact, one control w/o)
over time with data before adn after
temporal and spatial into account

FRST 211 (8 decks)

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