CONS330 Flashcards by Tara McMillan

Why study extinction?

find out what is normal
knowing hwy helps prevent
know features that make animal prone to it

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extinct

none in world

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functionally extinct

such low numbers that population cannot reproduce so cant sustain itselve

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ecologicallly extinct

such low numbers that species impacts on community and ecosyst are negligible

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what is extinction rate

loss of taxa over some estimate of time

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two extinction types

catastrophic and background

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what are our estimates of past extinctions based on

localized deposits with special conds

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fossils

not all animals can do
have to be perf conditions
burgess shale so good

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background extinction

normal evolutionary process
species outcompeted
natural loss of special habitat
low-no immunity to disease
predation
co-extinction

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effects of extinciton

leave ‘empty niche space’ for others to fill

soemtimes gaps arent filled = shift in ecosystem function

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Red Queen Hypothesis

species have to constantly evolove not only to succeed but to survive
bc changing environs

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darwinian demons

hypothetical organisms that have a set of biological features that allow them to dominate
life history, ecology, behaviour, lots offspring, no limits, high phenotypic plasticity

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how calculate RATE of extinction?

Consider how we estimate many species we have in the world is it similar?
How much estimation goes into it? Data? Science?

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values of extinction science to cons

predict susecptibility
predict survival of events
describe events we cant simulate
set goals fore restoration
put restoration goals into perspective

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Predicting susceptibility to extinction

background are not RANDOM
delay breeding in long-lived species
small pop size start
niche specialization

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extinction risk

range size, specialization, population size, age of maturity, rate of offspring production

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Sensitivity analysis

measure of absolute imp of vital rates

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elasticity analysis

measure of relative imp of vital rates

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when does susceptibility decrease

when all vital rates (birth, death) are equally imp to growth rate

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variability in vital rates

mammals are less prine becuase species vary in things

varying life history to changing environments helps

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Predicting survival of extinction events

most likely a disastor species takes over after

= hugely abundant, virtually cosmopolitan speices (dom fossils)

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Describe events we cannot simulate

past mass extinctions linked to decline in primary prod

starved marine and terresterial herbivore (bottom-up effect)

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baing restoration goals on ecological functions of species

ecologicaly proxy for extinct species?
elephant for mammath?
can we restore ecosys functions thorugh reintro of large animals

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largest mass extinction

pleistocene, NA lost 37 mammalian genera (70%) of megafauna

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hypothesis' for pleistocene

humans move over land bridge wiped out large preds rapid CC caused ecosys shift thorugh plant loss (bottom up) combination onf ^^

Setting restoration goals into perspective

think about baselines | pre colonialism, dont dissmiss indigenous thinking

morals

refer ot human values and personal codes of conduct (right vs wrong)

ethics

behaviours hat reflect morals and codes followed by a group or culture

why ethics needed in natural resources

``` subjective involve humans and other live things guides practitioners protection address power descrepencies resolve dipute ```

how enforce ethics

peer reviews performance review work review

ethical issues in cons

competing needs translocation conflicts of interest

competing needs

of species at risk | invasive but at risk?

translocation

of indivs of endangered species (damage small pops)

conflicts of interest

btw stakeholders | govt and contractors

who does ethic approval

federal | is diff in each country

human and wildlife interaction types

direct | competing goals

direct interactions

killing wolves that eat livestock link cons to ecosys services, develop community programs ethnocentrism and cultural relativism

competing goals of human wildlife interactions

humans for cons | livelihood vs wildlife needs

ethnocentrism

viewing others from perspective of YOUR culture

cultural relativism

viewing the actions of othrs in the context of THEIR culture

cultural imperialism

DEFINE

zero sum thinking

win and lose both cant gain no cooperation

GO OVER GAME THEORY

DOOO ITTT

cooperation

cons efforts fail unless both coop costs and impacts are low for both usually good

playing chicken

cons efforts will secceed if just one coop | cost and impacts high, both benefit from one commitint

stag hunt

efforts succeed if one coop cost and impacts are moderate if one coop costs are higher but msot effective if both coop usuallyu coop

Prisoner's dilemma

``` free rider cons efforts may work if one coop costs and impacts are high, both benefits if one commits chance be conserved anyways (global) may not coop even if bestchoice is ot ```

types of studies in cons

monitering "classic" | survey (humanities)

monitoring

ecamin natural ecosystem or observation making | methods pre-screened prior to data gathering

survey

examines opinions via questionnare, survey or interview | requires ethics training

basic design

compare response of subject under two diff treatments/factors

replication

done in studies because allows more accuracy and result security

replicate within study

not same as repeating experiment

replicated

treatement replicates, indiv stores, independent of eachother

technical repliate

not independent of each other | measure same thing

expiremental control

benchmark or comparison for treatment testable platform for your hypothesis can be facotr, have to justify can use absense of facotr not always posib or meaningful

control as factor

must justify | pick prediction as control if factor

what cons studies strive for

reliable and predictive

type 1 error

incorrectly reject null | detects a trend where isnt one

type 2 error

incorreclty accepts null hypo | fails to detect trend that is there

which error worse for ocns?

type 2

two monitoring types

intesive | extiensive

intensive monitoring

short time fram, small scope, local

extensive monitoring

long time frame, larger scope, large area

what more used for policu? long ot short design

long term but short term more prevelent

drawbacks intensive

cant detect broad trends

drawback extensive

cost, time, space

reference site

site nearby area of interst with similar conds

BACI

before-after-control-impact

What does BACI monitor

two proximal areas (one impact, one control w/o) over time with data before adn after temporal and spatial into account