Midterm 1

Question 1

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves are part of what system?
a) Central nervous system
b) Peripheral nervous system

Answer 1

b) Peripheral nervous system

Question 2

Neurons communicate with each other at ____________ with inputs occurring at dendrites and the output via an axon and axon terminal.

Answer 2

Synapses

Question 3

Many axons are covered in myelin, which is formed by _________ cells. These cells in the CNS are called ________________, these cells in the PNS are called ____________.

Answer 3

Glial cells
CNS: Glial cells = Oligodendrocytes
PNS: Glial cells = Schwann cells

Question 4

_______ matter regions contain myelinated axons.

Answer 4

White matter regions

Question 5

__________ matter regions contain less myelin (i.e., contain more cell bodies of neurons).

Answer 5

Gray

Question 6

Collections of neurons with similar structure and function are called ___________ within the CNS and __________ when located outside the CNS.

Answer 6

Within the CNS: Nucleus (plural nuclei)
Outside the CNS: Ganglion (plural ganglia)

Question 7

The convolutions on the cerebrum are called:

Answer 7

Gyri separated by sulci

Question 8

The convolutions on the cerebellum are called:

Answer 8

Folia separated by fissures

Question 9

The paired structures of the diencephalon include:

Answer 9

The thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 10

The two cerebral hemispheres (left and right) are separated by the ____________________.

Answer 10

Medial longitudinal fissure

Question 11

The cerebrum is divided into lobes: frontal and parietal. These lobes are separated by the _______________.

Answer 11

Central sulcus

Question 12

The frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum are separated from the temporal lobe by the __________________.

Answer 12

Sylvian fissure (lateral sulcus)

Question 13

On the medial surface of the cerebrum there is a separation between the parietal and occipital lobes, called the _______________.

Answer 13

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Question 14

The central sulcus of the cerebrum does not extend much onto the medial surface, true or false?

Answer 14

True

Question 15

On the medial surface of the cerebrum, there is a lobe that can be seen which is not visible laterally, what is this lobe called?

Answer 15

The limbic lobe

Question 16

Through expanding the site of the sylvian fissure the insular lobe (or insula) becomes visible (the lobe is covered by opercula of frontal, parietal and temporal lobes). This lobe consists of _______ and _________ gyri.

Answer 16

Long and short gyri

Question 17

The two main sources of blood supply to the brain include:

Answer 17

Internal carotid arteries
Vertebral arteries

Question 18

The paired vertebral arteries join together to form the _______ artery, adjacent (inferior) to the pons.

Answer 18

Basilar artery

Question 19

The basilar artery terminates at the base of the ___________________.

Answer 19

Circle of willis

Question 20

The basilar artery gives off _______ arteries

Answer 20

Pontine

Question 21

The pontine arteries stem from the ________ artery, and provide blood supply to the ____________.

Answer 21

The basilar artery
The pons

Question 22

The vertebral arteries and the basilar give rise to 3 types of arteries for the cerebellum, what are these?

Answer 22

From each vertebral artery (2): posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)

From the basilar artery (1): paired anterior inferior cerebellar arteries (AICA) AND superior cerebellar arteries (SCA)

Question 23

Each cerebral artery provides blood to a region of the cerebrum. The middle cerebral artery (MCA) supplies which area(s)?

Answer 23

Lateral cerebrum: portions of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes

Medial cerebrum: portion of temporal lobe

Question 24

Each cerebral artery provides blood to a region of cerebrum. The anterior cerebral artery supplies which area(s)?

Answer 24

Lateral cerebrum: superior and anterior frontal and parietal lobes

Medial cerebrum: frontal and parietal lobes

Question 25

Each cerebral artery provides blood to a region of cerebrum. The posterior cerebral artery supplies which area(s)?

Answer 25

Lateral cerebrum: posterior and inferior (occipital and temporal lobes) Medial cerebrum: occipital and temporal lobes

Question 26

The spinal cord is part of the CNS, true or false?

Answer 26

True

Question 27

There are two expanded regions of the spinal cord, the ________ and _________ enlargements. These areas are enlarged because...

Answer 27

Cervical and lumbar enlargements Enlarged because they contain the many neurons associated with the limbs (upper extremities and lower extremities)

Question 28

The spinal cord ends around the L1/L2 vertebral level, called the ___________.

Answer 28

Conus medullaris

Question 29

Rootlets/roots below the level of L1/L2 form spinal nerves, the collection of these rootlets/roots is called the ________________.

Answer 29

Cauda equina

Question 30

Motor = afferent?

Answer 30

False, motor = efferent

Question 31

What are the 2 types of motor (efferent) spinal nerve fibers?

Answer 31

Somatic motor Visceral motor

Question 32

Somatic motor (SM) fibers innervate...

Answer 32

Skeletal muscle

Question 33

Visceral motor (VM) fibers innervate...

Answer 33

Smooth muscle and glands (the autonomic nervous system)

Question 34

What are the 2 types of sensory (afferent) spinal nerve fibers?

Answer 34

General sensory (GS) Visceral sensory (VS)

Question 35

General sensory (GS) spinal nerve fibers are involved in what sensations?

Answer 35

Pain, temperature, and touch (conscious); proprioception (conscious and unconscious)

Question 36

___________________ can be nociceptors (pain) or mechanoreceptors (sensitive to the stretch of the wall of hollow visceral organ). The sensation from these types of fibers typically does not reach the level of consciousness but in some cases will (e.g., hunger, nausea, bladder fullness).

Answer 36

Visceral sensory (VS) neurons

Question 37

Somatic motor fibers arise from neurons in the _______________ horn of the spinal cord.

Answer 37

Anterior (ventral) horn.

Question 38

Spinal cord somatic motor neurons, with axons that project to skeletal muscle, are examples of ____________________.

Answer 38

Lower motor neurons (LMNs)

Question 39

Motor neurons in the brain, whose axons provide input (synapse with) lower motor neurons are examples of __________________.

Answer 39

Upper motor neurons (UMNs)

Question 40

_________________ are collections of neurons associated with each posterior (dorsal) spinal cord root.

Answer 40

Dorsal root ganglia

Question 41

The structure of neurons in the dorsal root ganglia are of a special type, called _______________.

Answer 41

Pseudo-unipolar

Question 42

The structure of the neurons in the dorsal root ganglia are of a special type called pseudo-unipolar, what defines this type of neuron?

Answer 42

These neurons have just a single process that makes contact with the cell body. The single process is split with one portion carrying signals to the cell and the other portion carrying signals away.

Question 43

The processes of a pseudo-unipolar neuron are usually called ____________ rather than dendrites or axons.

Answer 43

Neurites

Question 44

Dorsal root ganglia neurons project into the spinal cord via the _____________.

Answer 44

Posterior (dorsal) roots.

Question 45

Different sensory modalities take different anatomical pathways within the CNS. Discriminative touch and conscious proprioception take the ______________ pathway.

Answer 45

Posterior column/medial lemniscus pathway

Question 46

Different sensory modalities take different anatomical pathways within the CNS. Pain, temperature and crude touch take the ______________ pathway.

Answer 46

Spinothalamic pathway

Question 47

Different sensory modalities take different anatomical pathways within the CNS. Unconscious proprioception takes the ______________ pathway.

Answer 47

Spinocerebellar pathway

Question 48

The starting point of the posterior column/medial lemniscus pathway (PCML) can be considered as...

Answer 48

The touch mechanoreceptors and proprioceptors in the skin, muscles and joints

Question 49

The fasciculus Gracilis is evident at every level of the spinal cord, true or false?

Answer 49

True

Question 50

The fasciculus cuneatus is evident at every level of the spinal cord, true or false?

Answer 50

False, the fasciculus cuneatus is present at T6 and above (first evident in the sections to the left at C8)

Question 51

The fasciculus gracilis carries sensory information from the ______________ (what part of the body?) entering the spinal cord at the ________________region.

Answer 51

Lower half of the body Lumbar level

Question 52

The cuneate fasciculus carries sensory information from the ______________(what part of the body?) entering the spinal cord at the _______________region/level.

Answer 52

Upper half of the body (upper limbs, trunk, and neck) Cervical level

Question 53

At the levels of the spinal cord in which the fasciculus gracilis and the fasciculus cuneatus are both present, the fasciculus gracilis is always __________ relative to the fasciculus cuneatus.

Answer 53

Medial

Question 54

The axons in the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus ascend to the medulla and form synapses with (terminate at) second order neurons located in the ____________ and the ___________ respectively.

Answer 54

Nucleus gracilis Nucleus cuneatus

Question 55

The axons in the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus ascend to the medulla and from synapses with (terminate at) second order neurons located in the nucleus gracilis and the nucleus cuneatus respectively. Axons from the second order neurons then cross and enter the _________________ on the opposite side.

Answer 55

Medial lemniscus

Question 56

The axons in the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus ascend to the medulla and from synapses with (terminate at) second order neurons located in the nucleus gracilis and the nucleus cuneatus respectively. Axons from the second order neurons then cross and enter the medial lemniscus on the opposite side. The axons in the medial lemniscus ascend all the way through the brainstem until reaching the thalamus and synapsing on neurons in the _____________________.

Answer 56

Ventral posterolateral nucleus

Question 57

In the posterior column/medial lemniscus pathway axons from ventral posterolateral nucleus neurons project to the _______________________.

Answer 57

The primary somatosensory area which is located in the post-central gyrus (parietal lobe, just posterior to the central sulcus),

Question 58

The posterior columns are known as...

Answer 58

The fasciculus gracilis and the fasciculus cuneatus.

Question 59

What is the "starting point" of the spinothalamic pathway?

Answer 59

Free nerve endings (pain, temperature and crude touch)

Question 60

Where are primary sensory neurons located?

Answer 60

In the dorsal root ganglia

Question 61

In the spinothalamic pathway, axons from the primary sensory neurons project to __________________ before entering the dorsal horn (gray matter) and contacting the dendrites of neurons in the substantia gelatinosa or (deeper) the nucleus proprius.

Answer 61

Lissauer's (posterolateral) tract

Question 62

In the spinothalamic pathway, axons of the second order neurons cross from one side of the cord in the ___________________ and enter the spinothalamic tract on the opposite side.

Answer 62

Anterior white commissure

Question 63

Fibers in the spinothalamic tract ascend through the spinal cord white matter (anterior, lateral funiculus) and then through the brainstem, reaching the _______________________ where they synapse (onto third order neurons).

Answer 63

Ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus

Question 64

Both the posterior column/medial lemniscus pathway and the spinothalamic pathway "end" with the neurons of the ventral posterolateral nucleus projecting to the ____________________________.

Answer 64

Primary somatosensory cortex

Question 65

There are three subconscious proprioception pathways carried by the spinal cord to the cerebellum via the: 1) __________________________tract 2) __________________________ tract 3) ___________________________ tract

Answer 65

1) Posterior spinocerebellar tract 2) Anterior spinocerebellar tract 3) Cuneocerebellar tract

Question 66

The posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar tract and anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar tract carry information from the lower limbs, true or false?

Answer 66

True

Question 67

The posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar tract and anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar tract carry information from the upper limbs, true or false?

Answer 67

False, the cuneocerebellar tract does.

Question 68

The cuneocereballar tract carries information from the upper limbs, true or false?

Answer 68

True

Question 69

The _______________ tract carries unconscious proprioceptive information from peripheral receptors (muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs and joint capsules), through the spinal cord and brainstem to the cerebellum.

Answer 69

Spinocerebellar

Question 70

The _______________________ tract carries proprioceptive information from the lower limb and trunk.

Answer 70

The posterior (or dorsal) spinocerebellar

Question 71

The _______________________ tract is the upper limb equivalent of the posterior spinocerebellar tract.

Answer 71

Cuneocerebellar

Question 72

The posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar tract is crossed or uncrossed?

Answer 72

Uncrossed

Question 73

The anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar tract is crossed or uncrossed?

Answer 73

Crossed twice

Question 74

Both the posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar and anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar tracts project to the cerebellum via the _____________________.

Answer 74

Cerebellar peduncle The posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar pathway projects via the INFERIOR cerebellar peduncle The anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar pathway projects via the SUPERIOR cerebellar peduncle

Question 75

Is the cuneocerebellar tract crossed or uncrossed?

Answer 75

Uncrossed

Question 76

The cuneocerebellar tract projects to the cerebellum via the _______________________.

Answer 76

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

Question 77

Cerebellar peduncles are _______________________ that connect the brainstem with the cerebellum.

Answer 77

White matter

Question 78

Three divisions of the trigeminal nerve carry sensory information from the face and head to pseudo-unipolar neurons in the ______________________________.

Answer 78

Trigeminal ganglia

Question 79

Axons from the spinal nucleus cross and join the ________________________ tract.

Answer 79

Trigeminothalamic tract

Question 80

Axons from the chief sensory nucleus cross and join the _______________________.

Answer 80

Trigeminal lemniscus

Question 81

What are the two subdivisions of the visceral motor system?

Answer 81

Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Question 82

Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems involve a two-neuron chain (pre-ganglionic to post-ganglionic), true or false?

Answer 82

True

Question 83

All sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons arise from the spinal cord levels: ______________

Answer 83

T1-L1/L2

Question 84

The sympathetic ganglia form a chain or trunk that runs the whole length of the vertebral column, true or false?

Answer 84

True

Question 85

In the sympathetic system, the pre-ganglionic neuron synapses with a post-ganglionic neuron in the _____________________.

Answer 85

Sympathetic chain ganglion

Question 86

In the sympathetic system the axon of the post-ganglionic neuron returns to the spinal nerve via the ________________ and these fibers travel to targets in the skin to innervate glans, arteries, etc.)

Answer 86

Gray ramus

Question 87

Pre-ganglionic fibers in the sympathetic system run up and down the chain, contacting post-ganglionic neurons within ganglia above L1 and below T1 whose axons exit at different levels for what reason?

Answer 87

To contribute to spinal nerves at all levels

Question 88

In the sympathetic system, if pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons travel through the chain ganglion without synapsing, they are carried to visceral ganglia via _____________________ where they synapse with post-ganglionic neurons within the visceral ganglia.

Answer 88

Splanchnic nerves

Question 89

Parasympathetic components of spinal nerves are associated only with ______________spinal nerve levels.

Answer 89

S2-S4

Question 90

Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons arise from neurons in the intermediate regions _____________spinal cord gray matter.

Answer 90

S2-S4

Question 91

The axons of pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons project via the _____________roots, join the spinal nerves, then branch off and give rise to ____________________nerves that form synapses with post-ganglionic neurons within terminal ganglia near target organs.

Answer 91

Anterior (ventral) roots Splanchnic nerves

Question 92

Sympathetic neurons are never part of cranial nerves, true or false?

Answer 92

True

Question 93

Visceral sensory fibers generally travel with sympathetic neurons (visceral motor) back to the spinal nerve, true or false?

Answer 93

True (without making any synapses)

Question 94

Each spinal nerve contains 4 different types of fibers, what are they?

Answer 94

General sensory Visceral sensory Somatic motor Visceral motor

Question 95

Cranial nerves can contain one or more of each type of fiber (general sensory, visceral sensory, somatic motor, visceral motor), but rarely contain all 4 types, true or false?

Answer 95

True, spinal nerves contain all 4 types but cranial nerves rarely do

Question 96

Unlike spinal nerves, cranial nerves may also contain which types of fibers?

Answer 96

Special sensory Branchial motor

Question 97

Special sensory fibers that may be found in cranial nerves are associated with what sensations?

Answer 97

Vision Hearing Balance

Question 98

Smell and taste are associated with special sensory fibers or visceral sensory?

Answer 98

Visceral sensory

Question 99

How many cranial nerves are there in total?

Answer 99

12

Question 100

Branchial motor fibers that may be found in cranial nerves are associated with the innervation of which muscles?

Answer 100

Specific muscles of the head and neck that have different developmental origin than muscles of the trunk and limbs (used in facial expression and mastication)