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Neuroanatomy (OCCU 6140) > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

Week 2

1
Q

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves are part of what system?
a) Central nervous system
b) Peripheral nervous system

A

b) Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Neurons communicate with each other at ____________ with inputs occurring at dendrites and the output via an axon and axon terminal.

A

Synapses

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3
Q

Many axons are covered in myelin, which is formed by _________ cells. These cells in the CNS are called ________________, these cells in the PNS are called ____________.

A

Glial cells
CNS: Glial cells = Oligodendrocytes
PNS: Glial cells = Schwann cells

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4
Q

_______ matter regions contain myelinated axons.

A

White matter regions

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5
Q

__________ matter regions contain less myelin (i.e., contain more cell bodies of neurons).

A

Gray

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6
Q

Collections of neurons with similar structure and function are called ___________ within the CNS and __________ when located outside the CNS.

A

Within the CNS: Nucleus (plural nuclei)
Outside the CNS: Ganglion (plural ganglia)

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7
Q

The convolutions on the cerebrum are called:

A

Gyri separated by sulci

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8
Q

The convolutions on the cerebellum are called:

A

Folia separated by fissures

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9
Q

The paired structures of the diencephalon include:

A

The thalamus and hypothalamus

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10
Q

The two cerebral hemispheres (left and right) are separated by the ____________________.

A

Medial longitudinal fissure

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11
Q

The cerebrum is divided into lobes: frontal and parietal. These lobes are separated by the _______________.

A

Central sulcus

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12
Q

The frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum are separated from the temporal lobe by the __________________.

A

Sylvian fissure (lateral sulcus)

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13
Q

On the medial surface of the cerebrum there is a separation between the parietal and occipital lobes, called the _______________.

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

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14
Q

The central sulcus of the cerebrum does not extend much onto the medial surface, true or false?

A

True

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15
Q

On the medial surface of the cerebrum, there is a lobe that can be seen which is not visible laterally, what is this lobe called?

A

The limbic lobe

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16
Q

Through expanding the site of the sylvian fissure the insular lobe (or insula) becomes visible (the lobe is covered by opercula of frontal, parietal and temporal lobes). This lobe consists of _______ and _________ gyri.

A

Long and short gyri

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17
Q

The two main sources of blood supply to the brain include:

A

Internal carotid arteries
Vertebral arteries

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18
Q

The paired vertebral arteries join together to form the _______ artery, adjacent (inferior) to the pons.

A

Basilar artery

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19
Q

The basilar artery terminates at the base of the ___________________.

A

Circle of willis

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20
Q

The basilar artery gives off _______ arteries

A

Pontine

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21
Q

The pontine arteries stem from the ________ artery, and provide blood supply to the ____________.

A

The basilar artery
The pons

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22
Q

The vertebral arteries and the basilar give rise to 3 types of arteries for the cerebellum, what are these?

A

From each vertebral artery (2): posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)

From the basilar artery (1): paired anterior inferior cerebellar arteries (AICA) AND superior cerebellar arteries (SCA)

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23
Q

Each cerebral artery provides blood to a region of the cerebrum. The middle cerebral artery (MCA) supplies which area(s)?

A

Lateral cerebrum: portions of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes

Medial cerebrum: portion of temporal lobe

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24
Q

Each cerebral artery provides blood to a region of cerebrum. The anterior cerebral artery supplies which area(s)?

A

Lateral cerebrum: superior and anterior frontal and parietal lobes

Medial cerebrum: frontal and parietal lobes

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25
Q

Each cerebral artery provides blood to a region of cerebrum. The posterior cerebral artery supplies which area(s)?

A

Lateral cerebrum: posterior and inferior (occipital and temporal lobes)

Medial cerebrum: occipital and temporal lobes

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26
Q

The spinal cord is part of the CNS, true or false?

A

True

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27
Q

There are two expanded regions of the spinal cord, the ________ and _________ enlargements. These areas are enlarged because…

A

Cervical and lumbar enlargements

Enlarged because they contain the many neurons associated with the limbs (upper extremities and lower extremities)

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28
Q

The spinal cord ends around the L1/L2 vertebral level, called the ___________.

A

Conus medullaris

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29
Q

Rootlets/roots below the level of L1/L2 form spinal nerves, the collection of these rootlets/roots is called the ________________.

A

Cauda equina

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30
Q

Motor = afferent?

A

False, motor = efferent

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31
Q

What are the 2 types of motor (efferent) spinal nerve fibers?

A

Somatic motor
Visceral motor

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32
Q

Somatic motor (SM) fibers innervate…

A

Skeletal muscle

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33
Q

Visceral motor (VM) fibers innervate…

A

Smooth muscle and glands (the autonomic nervous system)

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34
Q

What are the 2 types of sensory (afferent) spinal nerve fibers?

A

General sensory (GS)
Visceral sensory (VS)

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35
Q

General sensory (GS) spinal nerve fibers are involved in what sensations?

A

Pain, temperature, and touch (conscious); proprioception (conscious and unconscious)

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36
Q

___________________ can be nociceptors (pain) or mechanoreceptors (sensitive to the stretch of the wall of hollow visceral organ). The sensation from these types of fibers typically does not reach the level of consciousness but in some cases will (e.g., hunger, nausea, bladder fullness).

A

Visceral sensory (VS) neurons

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37
Q

Somatic motor fibers arise from neurons in the _______________ horn of the spinal cord.

A

Anterior (ventral) horn.

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38
Q

Spinal cord somatic motor neurons, with axons that project to skeletal muscle, are examples of ____________________.

A

Lower motor neurons (LMNs)

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39
Q

Motor neurons in the brain, whose axons provide input (synapse with) lower motor neurons are examples of __________________.

A

Upper motor neurons (UMNs)

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40
Q

_________________ are collections of neurons associated with each posterior (dorsal) spinal cord root.

A

Dorsal root ganglia

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41
Q

The structure of neurons in the dorsal root ganglia are of a special type, called _______________.

A

Pseudo-unipolar

42
Q

The structure of the neurons in the dorsal root ganglia are of a special type called pseudo-unipolar, what defines this type of neuron?

A

These neurons have just a single process that makes contact with the cell body. The single process is split with one portion carrying signals to the cell and the other portion carrying signals away.

43
Q

The processes of a pseudo-unipolar neuron are usually called ____________ rather than dendrites or axons.

A

Neurites

44
Q

Dorsal root ganglia neurons project into the spinal cord via the _____________.

A

Posterior (dorsal) roots.

45
Q

Different sensory modalities take different anatomical pathways within the CNS. Discriminative touch and conscious proprioception take the ______________ pathway.

A

Posterior column/medial lemniscus pathway

46
Q

Different sensory modalities take different anatomical pathways within the CNS. Pain, temperature and crude touch take the ______________ pathway.

A

Spinothalamic pathway

47
Q

Different sensory modalities take different anatomical pathways within the CNS. Unconscious proprioception takes the ______________ pathway.

A

Spinocerebellar pathway

48
Q

The starting point of the posterior column/medial lemniscus pathway (PCML) can be considered as…

A

The touch mechanoreceptors and proprioceptors in the skin, muscles and joints

49
Q

The fasciculus Gracilis is evident at every level of the spinal cord, true or false?

A

True

50
Q

The fasciculus cuneatus is evident at every level of the spinal cord, true or false?

A

False, the fasciculus cuneatus is present at T6 and above (first evident in the sections to the left at C8)

51
Q

The fasciculus gracilis carries sensory information from the ______________ (what part of the body?) entering the spinal cord at the ________________region.

A

Lower half of the body
Lumbar level

52
Q

The cuneate fasciculus carries sensory information from the ______________(what part of the body?) entering the spinal cord at the _______________region/level.

A

Upper half of the body (upper limbs, trunk, and neck)
Cervical level

53
Q

At the levels of the spinal cord in which the fasciculus gracilis and the fasciculus cuneatus are both present, the fasciculus gracilis is always __________ relative to the fasciculus cuneatus.

A

Medial

54
Q

The axons in the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus ascend to the medulla and form synapses with (terminate at) second order neurons located in the ____________ and the ___________ respectively.

A

Nucleus gracilis
Nucleus cuneatus

55
Q

The axons in the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus ascend to the medulla and from synapses with (terminate at) second order neurons located in the nucleus gracilis and the nucleus cuneatus respectively.

Axons from the second order neurons then cross and enter the _________________ on the opposite side.

A

Medial lemniscus

56
Q

The axons in the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus ascend to the medulla and from synapses with (terminate at) second order neurons located in the nucleus gracilis and the nucleus cuneatus respectively.

Axons from the second order neurons then cross and enter the medial lemniscus on the opposite side.

The axons in the medial lemniscus ascend all the way through the brainstem until reaching the thalamus and synapsing on neurons in the _____________________.

A

Ventral posterolateral nucleus

57
Q

In the posterior column/medial lemniscus pathway axons from ventral posterolateral nucleus neurons project to the _______________________.

A

The primary somatosensory area which is located in the post-central gyrus (parietal lobe, just posterior to the central sulcus),

58
Q

The posterior columns are known as…

A

The fasciculus gracilis and the fasciculus cuneatus.

59
Q

What is the “starting point” of the spinothalamic pathway?

A

Free nerve endings (pain, temperature and crude touch)

60
Q

Where are primary sensory neurons located?

A

In the dorsal root ganglia

61
Q

In the spinothalamic pathway, axons from the primary sensory neurons project to __________________ before entering the dorsal horn (gray matter) and contacting the dendrites of neurons in the substantia gelatinosa or (deeper) the nucleus proprius.

A

Lissauer’s (posterolateral) tract

62
Q

In the spinothalamic pathway, axons of the second order neurons cross from one side of the cord in the ___________________ and enter the spinothalamic tract on the opposite side.

A

Anterior white commissure

63
Q

Fibers in the spinothalamic tract ascend through the spinal cord white matter (anterior, lateral funiculus) and then through the brainstem, reaching the _______________________ where they synapse (onto third order neurons).

A

Ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus

64
Q

Both the posterior column/medial lemniscus pathway and the spinothalamic pathway “end” with the neurons of the ventral posterolateral nucleus projecting to the ____________________________.

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

65
Q

There are three subconscious proprioception pathways carried by the spinal cord to the cerebellum via the:
1) __________________________tract
2) __________________________ tract
3) ___________________________ tract

A

1) Posterior spinocerebellar tract
2) Anterior spinocerebellar tract
3) Cuneocerebellar tract

66
Q

The posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar tract and anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar tract carry information from the lower limbs, true or false?

A

True

67
Q

The posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar tract and anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar tract carry information from the upper limbs, true or false?

A

False, the cuneocerebellar tract does.

68
Q

The cuneocereballar tract carries information from the upper limbs, true or false?

A

True

69
Q

The _______________ tract carries unconscious proprioceptive information from peripheral receptors (muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs and joint capsules), through the spinal cord and brainstem to the cerebellum.

A

Spinocerebellar

70
Q

The _______________________ tract carries proprioceptive information from the lower limb and trunk.

A

The posterior (or dorsal) spinocerebellar

71
Q

The _______________________ tract is the upper limb equivalent of the posterior spinocerebellar tract.

A

Cuneocerebellar

72
Q

The posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar tract is crossed or uncrossed?

A

Uncrossed

73
Q

The anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar tract is crossed or uncrossed?

A

Crossed twice

74
Q

Both the posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar and anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar tracts project to the cerebellum via the _____________________.

A

Cerebellar peduncle

The posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar pathway projects via the INFERIOR cerebellar peduncle

The anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar pathway projects via the SUPERIOR cerebellar peduncle

75
Q

Is the cuneocerebellar tract crossed or uncrossed?

A

Uncrossed

76
Q

The cuneocerebellar tract projects to the cerebellum via the _______________________.

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

77
Q

Cerebellar peduncles are _______________________ that connect the brainstem with the cerebellum.

A

White matter

78
Q

Three divisions of the trigeminal nerve carry sensory information from the face and head to pseudo-unipolar neurons in the ______________________________.

A

Trigeminal ganglia

79
Q

Axons from the spinal nucleus cross and join the ________________________ tract.

A

Trigeminothalamic tract

80
Q

Axons from the chief sensory nucleus cross and join the _______________________.

A

Trigeminal lemniscus

81
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the visceral motor system?

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

82
Q

Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems involve a two-neuron chain (pre-ganglionic to post-ganglionic), true or false?

A

True

83
Q

All sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons arise from the spinal cord levels: ______________

A

T1-L1/L2

84
Q

The sympathetic ganglia form a chain or trunk that runs the whole length of the vertebral column, true or false?

A

True

85
Q

In the sympathetic system, the pre-ganglionic neuron synapses with a post-ganglionic neuron in the _____________________.

A

Sympathetic chain ganglion

86
Q

In the sympathetic system the axon of the post-ganglionic neuron returns to the spinal nerve via the ________________ and these fibers travel to targets in the skin to innervate glans, arteries, etc.)

A

Gray ramus

87
Q

Pre-ganglionic fibers in the sympathetic system run up and down the chain, contacting post-ganglionic neurons within ganglia above L1 and below T1 whose axons exit at different levels for what reason?

A

To contribute to spinal nerves at all levels

88
Q

In the sympathetic system, if pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons travel through the chain ganglion without synapsing, they are carried to visceral ganglia via _____________________ where they synapse with post-ganglionic neurons within the visceral ganglia.

A

Splanchnic nerves

89
Q

Parasympathetic components of spinal nerves are associated only with ______________spinal nerve levels.

A

S2-S4

90
Q

Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons arise from neurons in the intermediate regions _____________spinal cord gray matter.

A

S2-S4

91
Q

The axons of pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons project via the _____________roots, join the spinal nerves, then branch off and give rise to ____________________nerves that form synapses with post-ganglionic neurons within terminal ganglia near target organs.

A

Anterior (ventral) roots
Splanchnic nerves

92
Q

Sympathetic neurons are never part of cranial nerves, true or false?

A

True

93
Q

Visceral sensory fibers generally travel with sympathetic neurons (visceral motor) back to the spinal nerve, true or false?

A

True (without making any synapses)

94
Q

Each spinal nerve contains 4 different types of fibers, what are they?

A

General sensory
Visceral sensory
Somatic motor
Visceral motor

95
Q

Cranial nerves can contain one or more of each type of fiber (general sensory, visceral sensory, somatic motor, visceral motor), but rarely contain all 4 types, true or false?

A

True, spinal nerves contain all 4 types but cranial nerves rarely do

96
Q

Unlike spinal nerves, cranial nerves may also contain which types of fibers?

A

Special sensory
Branchial motor

97
Q

Special sensory fibers that may be found in cranial nerves are associated with what sensations?

A

Vision
Hearing
Balance

98
Q

Smell and taste are associated with special sensory fibers or visceral sensory?

A

Visceral sensory

99
Q

How many cranial nerves are there in total?

A

12

100
Q

Branchial motor fibers that may be found in cranial nerves are associated with the innervation of which muscles?

A

Specific muscles of the head and neck that have different developmental origin than muscles of the trunk and limbs (used in facial expression and mastication)

101
Q
A

Neuroanatomy (OCCU 6140) (20 decks)

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