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Neuroanatomy (OCCU 6140) > Final 3 (Vision) > Flashcards

Final 3 (Vision) Flashcards

1
Q

Receives light from the lens and converts it into neural signals that the brain can understand

A

Retina

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2
Q

Region where the axons leaving the retina gather to form the optic nerve

A

Optic disc

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3
Q

No photoreceptors here (blind spot)

A

Optic disc

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4
Q

Central fixation point for each eye. Region of the retina with the highest visual acuity

A

Fovea

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5
Q

Oval region surrounding the fovea. Has high visual acuity. Occupies the central 5 degrees of space.

A

Macula

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6
Q

The fovea corresponds to the central _____ degrees of visual space.

A

1-2 degrees

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7
Q

Small in size, but provides input to about half of the optic nerve fibers and cells in the visual cortex

A

Fovea

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8
Q

Cells in the retina that respond to light

A

Photoreceptors

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9
Q

Primarily found in the peripheral retina, achromatic, high light sensitivity, nighttime vision (when light levels are low)

A

Rods

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10
Q

There are more cones than rods, true or false?

A

False, there are more rods than cones (20:1)

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11
Q

High acuity and color vision during daytime (when light levels are higher), and primarily found in the central retina (fovea).

A

Cones

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12
Q

The process of translating light into a neural signal the brain can understand is called?

A

Photo-transduction

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13
Q

In photo-transduction the receptors are the photoreceptors (rods and cones), similarly in the transduction of the sensory system, what are the receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors (Ruffini endings, Merkel discs)

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14
Q

All photoreceptors can respond to everything at the same time, true or false?

A

False, they cannot

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15
Q

Receptive field of a neuron in the visual pathway is defined as…

A

The portion of the visual field where light causes excitation or inhibition of the cell

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16
Q

Each cone and rod has its own receptive field, true or false?

A

True

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17
Q

There are many types of ganglion cells associated with the visual pathway, each responding to different characteristics, what do the Parasol cells respond to?

A

Gross stimulus features and movement

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18
Q

There are many types of ganglion cells associated with the visual pathway, each responding to different characteristics, what do the Midget cells respond to?

A

Fine visual detail and color

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19
Q

There are many types of ganglion cells associated with the visual pathway, parasol ganglion cells have _____________ cell bodies, ____________ receptive fields and ___________ axons.

A

Large

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20
Q

There are many types of ganglion cells associated with the visual pathway, midget ganglion cells have __________ cell bodies, ___________ receptive fields, and ________________ axons.

A

Small, more numerous than parasol ganglion cells

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21
Q

From the eye and retina (rods and cones), the path of transduction flows to the _______________, then to the lateral geniculate nucleus, and lastly the primary visual cortex.

A

Optic nerve

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22
Q

Age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataracts are all visual disorders specifically related to…

A

the eye and the retina.

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23
Q

In age-related macular degeneration, there is damage to the macula causing an affect on ______________ vision.

A

central

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24
Q

In diabetic retinopathy, excess blood sugar damages retinal blood vessels. How does this affect vision?

A

Patchy vision loss throughout the visual field.

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25
Cataracts affects vision how?
Loss of lens transparency
26
Glaucoma is caused by intraocular pressure, which causes damage to the optic nerve, this often affects vision how?
peripheral deficits
27
Decreased peripheral vision = which disorder?
Glaucoma
28
Objects are obstructed and unclear = which disorder?
Cataracts
29
Patchy vision loss throughout the visual field = which disorder?
Diabetic retinopathy
30
Central vision is obstructed = which disorder
Macular degeneration
31
Explain the pathway of the retinal ganglion cells
Nasal retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) project contralaterally crossing at the optic chiasm. Temporal retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) project ipsilaterally.
32
What percentage of fibers cross at the optic chiasm?
60%
33
Nasal retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) project contralaterally crossing at the optic chiasm. Temporal retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) project ipsilaterally. How does this support vision?
The two overlapping portions of each visual hemi-field (nasal: peripheral, temporal: central) end up together.
34
After the optic chiasm, the right hemifield is represented on the _____ side; the left hemifield is represented on the __________ side.
After the optic chiasm, the right hemifield is represented on the left side; the left hemifield is represented on the right side.
35
60% of fibers cross at the optic chiasm, most of the fibers travel to the ____________________ where they synapse.
Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus
36
Neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) project to the primary visual cortex of the cerebrum (occipital lobe) via the _________________.
Optic radiations
37
The optic radiations must pass around the ____________.
Lateral ventricle
38
The optic radiations must pass around the lateral ventricle. Fibers carrying the representation of the superior visual field pass most laterally through _______________.
Meyer's loop
39
Information from the left visual field is ultimately processed in the _________ hemisphere.
Right
40
Information from the superior (upper) visual field is processed in the ____________________ portion of the visual brain.
inferior
41
The lateral geniculate nucleus has 6 layers, distinguished on the basis of _______________.
Cell size
42
The magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus are the (ventral 2 layers), information is received in these layers from the _________________ for...
Parasol retinal ganglion cells for motion and spatial analysis
43
The parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus receive information from the _____________ for...
Midget retinal ganglion cells for detailed form and color
44
Information from the retina projects to 4 important subcortical regions, what are they?
1. Lateral geniculate nucleus 2. Pretectum 3. Superior colliculus 4. Hypothalamus
45
The ___________ controls the pupillary light reflex
Pretectum
46
The _______________ controls the orienting eye movements.
Superior colliculus
47
The ____________ regulates the circadian rhythms.
Hypothalamus
48
Information from the retina projects to 4 important subcortical regions, 1. Lateral geniculate nucleus 2. Pretectum 3. Superior colliculus 4. Hypothalamus Which are involved in conscious vision and which are involved in subconscious vision?
Conscious: 1. Lateral geniculate nucleus Subconscious: 2. Pretectum 3. Superior colliculus 4. Hypothalamus
49
Primary visual cortex neurons respond selectively to lines/edges of different ______________.
orientations
50
Parasol retinal ganglion cells and magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus are involved in which aspect of vision?
Motion/spatial analysis
51
Midget retinal ganglion cells and parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus are involved in which aspect of vision?
Form and color
52
Which cortex is involved in motion/spatial analysis?
Dorsolateral parieto-occipital cortex
53
Which cortex is involved in form and color?
Inferior occipito-temporal cortex
54
Lesion in the _________________ produces prosopagnosia: an inability to recognize faces.
right inferior temporal lobe
55
The parietal/dorsal stream of information is specified to...
Where? (analysis of motion and spatial relations)
56
The temporal/ventral stream of information is specified to...
What? (analysis of form and color)
57
If there is damage to the right optic nerve, what type of deficit would you expect to see?
Loss of vision in the right eye
58
If there is damage to the left optic nerve, what type of deficit would you expect to see?
Loss of vision in the left eye
59
If there is damage to the optic chiasm, what type of deficit(s) would you expect to see?
Bitemporal (heteronomous) hemianopsia (Temporal visual field of both eyes affected)
60
If there is damage to the right optic tract, what type of deficits would you expect to see?
Left homonymous hemianopsia (Left temporal visual field and right nasal visual field affected)
61
If there is damage to the right optic radiation, what type of deficit(s) would you expect to see?
Left superior quadrantanopsia (Left temporal upper quadrant and right nasal upper quadrant affected)

Neuroanatomy (OCCU 6140) (20 decks)

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