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Neuroanatomy (OCCU 6140) > Final 3 (Vision) > Flashcards

Final 3 (Vision) Flashcards

1
Q

Receives light from the lens and converts it into neural signals that the brain can understand

A

Retina

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2
Q

Region where the axons leaving the retina gather to form the optic nerve

A

Optic disc

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3
Q

No photoreceptors here (blind spot)

A

Optic disc

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4
Q

Central fixation point for each eye. Region of the retina with the highest visual acuity

A

Fovea

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5
Q

Oval region surrounding the fovea. Has high visual acuity. Occupies the central 5 degrees of space.

A

Macula

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6
Q

The fovea corresponds to the central _____ degrees of visual space.

A

1-2 degrees

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7
Q

Small in size, but provides input to about half of the optic nerve fibers and cells in the visual cortex

A

Fovea

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8
Q

Cells in the retina that respond to light

A

Photoreceptors

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9
Q

Primarily found in the peripheral retina, achromatic, high light sensitivity, nighttime vision (when light levels are low)

A

Rods

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10
Q

There are more cones than rods, true or false?

A

False, there are more rods than cones (20:1)

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11
Q

High acuity and color vision during daytime (when light levels are higher), and primarily found in the central retina (fovea).

A

Cones

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12
Q

The process of translating light into a neural signal the brain can understand is called?

A

Photo-transduction

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13
Q

In photo-transduction the receptors are the photoreceptors (rods and cones), similarly in the transduction of the sensory system, what are the receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors (Ruffini endings, Merkel discs)

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14
Q

All photoreceptors can respond to everything at the same time, true or false?

A

False, they cannot

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15
Q

Receptive field of a neuron in the visual pathway is defined as…

A

The portion of the visual field where light causes excitation or inhibition of the cell

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16
Q

Each cone and rod has its own receptive field, true or false?

A

True

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17
Q

There are many types of ganglion cells associated with the visual pathway, each responding to different characteristics, what do the Parasol cells respond to?

A

Gross stimulus features and movement

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18
Q

There are many types of ganglion cells associated with the visual pathway, each responding to different characteristics, what do the Midget cells respond to?

A

Fine visual detail and color

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19
Q

There are many types of ganglion cells associated with the visual pathway, parasol ganglion cells have _____________ cell bodies, ____________ receptive fields and ___________ axons.

A

Large

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20
Q

There are many types of ganglion cells associated with the visual pathway, midget ganglion cells have __________ cell bodies, ___________ receptive fields, and ________________ axons.

A

Small, more numerous than parasol ganglion cells

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21
Q

From the eye and retina (rods and cones), the path of transduction flows to the _______________, then to the lateral geniculate nucleus, and lastly the primary visual cortex.

A

Optic nerve

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22
Q

Age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataracts are all visual disorders specifically related to…

A

the eye and the retina.

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23
Q

In age-related macular degeneration, there is damage to the macula causing an affect on ______________ vision.

A

central

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24
Q

In diabetic retinopathy, excess blood sugar damages retinal blood vessels. How does this affect vision?

A

Patchy vision loss throughout the visual field.

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25
Q

Cataracts affects vision how?

A

Loss of lens transparency

26
Q

Glaucoma is caused by intraocular pressure, which causes damage to the optic nerve, this often affects vision how?

A

peripheral deficits

27
Q

Decreased peripheral vision = which disorder?

A

Glaucoma

28
Q

Objects are obstructed and unclear = which disorder?

A

Cataracts

29
Q

Patchy vision loss throughout the visual field = which disorder?

A

Diabetic retinopathy

30
Q

Central vision is obstructed = which disorder

A

Macular degeneration

31
Q

Explain the pathway of the retinal ganglion cells

A

Nasal retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) project contralaterally crossing at the optic chiasm.

Temporal retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) project ipsilaterally.

32
Q

What percentage of fibers cross at the optic chiasm?

A

60%

33
Q

Nasal retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) project contralaterally crossing at the optic chiasm. Temporal retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) project ipsilaterally. How does this support vision?

A

The two overlapping portions of each visual hemi-field (nasal: peripheral, temporal: central) end up together.

34
Q

After the optic chiasm, the right hemifield is represented on the _____ side; the left hemifield is represented on the __________ side.

A

After the optic chiasm, the right hemifield is represented on the left side; the left hemifield is represented on the right side.

35
Q

60% of fibers cross at the optic chiasm, most of the fibers travel to the ____________________ where they synapse.

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus

36
Q

Neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) project to the primary visual cortex of the cerebrum (occipital lobe) via the _________________.

A

Optic radiations

37
Q

The optic radiations must pass around the ____________.

A

Lateral ventricle

38
Q

The optic radiations must pass around the lateral ventricle. Fibers carrying the representation of the superior visual field pass most laterally through _______________.

A

Meyer’s loop

39
Q

Information from the left visual field is ultimately processed in the _________ hemisphere.

A

Right

40
Q

Information from the superior (upper) visual field is processed in the ____________________ portion of the visual brain.

A

inferior

41
Q

The lateral geniculate nucleus has 6 layers, distinguished on the basis of _______________.

A

Cell size

42
Q

The magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus are the (ventral 2 layers), information is received in these layers from the _________________ for…

A

Parasol retinal ganglion cells for motion and spatial analysis

43
Q

The parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus receive information from the _____________ for…

A

Midget retinal ganglion cells for detailed form and color

44
Q

Information from the retina projects to 4 important subcortical regions, what are they?

A
  1. Lateral geniculate nucleus
  2. Pretectum
  3. Superior colliculus
  4. Hypothalamus
45
Q

The ___________ controls the pupillary light reflex

A

Pretectum

46
Q

The _______________ controls the orienting eye movements.

A

Superior colliculus

47
Q

The ____________ regulates the circadian rhythms.

A

Hypothalamus

48
Q

Information from the retina projects to 4 important subcortical regions,
1. Lateral geniculate nucleus
2. Pretectum
3. Superior colliculus
4. Hypothalamus
Which are involved in conscious vision and which are involved in subconscious vision?

A

Conscious:
1. Lateral geniculate nucleus

Subconscious:
2. Pretectum
3. Superior colliculus
4. Hypothalamus

49
Q

Primary visual cortex neurons respond selectively to lines/edges of different ______________.

A

orientations

50
Q

Parasol retinal ganglion cells and magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus are involved in which aspect of vision?

A

Motion/spatial analysis

51
Q

Midget retinal ganglion cells and parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus are involved in which aspect of vision?

A

Form and color

52
Q

Which cortex is involved in motion/spatial analysis?

A

Dorsolateral parieto-occipital cortex

53
Q

Which cortex is involved in form and color?

A

Inferior occipito-temporal cortex

54
Q

Lesion in the _________________ produces prosopagnosia: an inability to recognize faces.

A

right inferior temporal lobe

55
Q

The parietal/dorsal stream of information is specified to…

A

Where? (analysis of motion and spatial relations)

56
Q

The temporal/ventral stream of information is specified to…

A

What? (analysis of form and color)

57
Q

If there is damage to the right optic nerve, what type of deficit would you expect to see?

A

Loss of vision in the right eye

58
Q

If there is damage to the left optic nerve, what type of deficit would you expect to see?

A

Loss of vision in the left eye

59
Q

If there is damage to the optic chiasm, what type of deficit(s) would you expect to see?

A

Bitemporal (heteronomous) hemianopsia

(Temporal visual field of both eyes affected)

60
Q

If there is damage to the right optic tract, what type of deficits would you expect to see?

A

Left homonymous hemianopsia

(Left temporal visual field and right nasal visual field affected)

61
Q

If there is damage to the right optic radiation, what type of deficit(s) would you expect to see?

A

Left superior quadrantanopsia

(Left temporal upper quadrant and right nasal upper quadrant affected)

Neuroanatomy (OCCU 6140) (20 decks)

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