Final 11 (Emotions)

Question 1

All emotions are expressed in two ways, what are they?

Answer 1

1. Visceral motor changes
2. Somatic motor changes (facial muscles)

Question 2

All emotions are accompanied by ______________ experiences.

Answer 2

subjective

Question 3

There are two mechanisms of control for facial muscles (somatic motor response), what are they?

Answer 3

1. Voluntary (classical motor pathways)
2. Involuntary/automatic (limbic systems)

Question 4

Which mechanism of control of facial muscles does this describe:

Descending “pyramidal” and “extrapyramidal” projections from motor cortex and brainstem

Answer 4

Volitional movement of facial muscles

Question 5

Which mechanism of control of facial muscles does this describe:

Descending “extrapyramidal” projections from “limbic” centers of ventral-medial forebrain and hypothalamus

Answer 5

Emotional expression (involuntary/automatic limbic systems)

Question 6

The ______________ is key for the activation of both mechanisms that control the facial muscles

Answer 6

Hypothalamus

Question 7

When it comes to emotional expression, there is a dual nature of descending motor control for facial musculature.

What are the two mechanisms?

Answer 7

1. Voluntary response - motor cortical areas
2. Involuntary response - limbic system

Question 8

The connection between the limbic system and the body is a “two-way street” in what way?

Answer 8

The motor system influences the limbic system/emotional states and vice versa.

Question 9

Emotions differ along two dimensions, what are they?

Answer 9

• Intensity (arousal level)
• Valence (pleasantness or aversive: approach or avoidance)

Question 10

Name two sources of emotion

Answer 10

Sensory drive from muscles to internal organs

Forebrain

Question 11

Sensory drive from muscles and internal organs is a source of emotion how?

Answer 11

Input forms the sensory limb of reflex circuitry that allows rapid physiological changes in response to altered conditions

Question 12

The forebrain is a source of emotion, how so?

Answer 12

Anticipated events, suspenseful situations, etc. lead to autonomic activation and strongly felt emotions

Question 13

Name the three brain structures involved in emotion

Answer 13

• Hypothalamus
• Amygdala
• Limbic system

Question 14

Integration of emotion is primarily the responsibility of which brain region?

Answer 14

Hypothalamus

Question 15

The hypothalamus is connected to two main target structures, what are they?

Answer 15

1. Reticular formation
2. Anterior pituitary gland (endocrine system)

Question 16

The reticular formation (brainstem) is responsible for…

Answer 16

producing somatic and visceral responses tied to emotional states (e.g., anger)

Question 17

Through connection to the reticular formation, the hypothalamus controls expression of emotion via:

Answer 17

Somatic: somatic neurons in the brainstem, somatic neurons in the spinal cord

Visceral: autonomic neurons in the brainstem, autonomic neurons in the spinal cord

Question 18

Reticular neurons can produce widespread and visceral motor responses, sometimes involving almost every organ in the body, true or false?

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Adrenaline and cortisol prepare the body for physical exertion, this involves

Answer 19

• Blood shunted away from gut to the muscles
• Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration increase
• Body temperature increases
• Skin perspires

Question 20

Emotional response involves the hypothalamus recruiting two broad classes of targets, targets in the somatic motor system via ________________ and responsible for __________________, and target in the visceral motor system via ___________________ and responsible for _________________________.

Answer 20

Somatic motor system: reticular formation (somatic neuron pools in brainstem and spinal cord), responsible for facial expressions

Visceral motor system: anterior pituitary gland, autonomic neuron pools in the brainstem and spinal cord, responsible for increased heart rate, blushing, sweating

Question 21

What happens if the cortex is disconnected from the hypothalamus, but the hypothalamus remains connected to targets?

Answer 21

Sham rage (cortex is unable to inhibit)

Question 22

The _____________ often inhibits basic, reflexive responses mediated by other regions of the brain (e.g., socially inappropriate responses inhibited by frontal lobes.

Answer 22

cortex

Question 23

Descending control to the hypothalamus comes from which parts of the brain?

Answer 23

Frontal cortex and amygdala

Question 24

The amygdala links cortical regions that process sensory information with…

Answer 24

hypothalamic effector systems

Question 25

Group of nuclei (gray matter) in the anteromedial temporal lobe

Answer 25

Amygdala

Question 26

What does the amygdala do?

Answer 26

Receives and transmits information from diverse cortical areas (including heteromodal association cortices)

Question 27

What are the three major subdivisions of the amygdala?

Answer 27

1. Medial group (olfactory system) 2. Basal-lateral group (cortex) 3. Central/anterior group (hypothalamus)

Question 28

The basal-lateral group of the amygdala plays a role in...

Answer 28

Interpreting/evaluating significance of stimuli

Question 29

Which group of the amygdala influences attention, conscious proprioception and memory of dangerous situations?

Answer 29

Basal-lateral group (cortex)

Question 30

Which group of the amygdala controls visceral responses and somatic responses?

Answer 30

Central anterior group (hypothalamus/brainstem reticular information)

Question 31

Where is the amygdala physically located?

Answer 31

Between descending cortical/limbic systems and the hypothalamus

Question 32

Mediates descending control of the hypothalamus (and emotional motor response via hypothalamus)

Answer 32

Amygdala

Question 33

What happens when an individual has damage to the amygdala?

Answer 33

They are unable to recognize fear

Question 34

What are the components of the limbic system?

Answer 34

- Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) - Frontal lobe - Olfactory bulb - Amygdala - Hippocampus

Question 35

What is the function of the limbic system?

Answer 35

- Homeostatic responses - Olfaction - Memory - Emotional/goal directed behavior

Question 36

Which structure of the limbic system is involved in the homeostatic response function?

Answer 36

Hypothalamus

Question 37

Which structure of the limbic system is involved in the olfaction function?

Answer 37

Olfactory bulb and cortex

Question 38

Which structure of the limbic system is involved in the memory function?

Answer 38

Hippocampal formation (circuit of Papez)

Question 39

Which structure of the limbic system is involved in the emotional/goal directed behavior function?

Answer 39

Amygdala