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Neuroanatomy (OCCU 6140) > Final 11 (Emotions) > Flashcards

Final 11 (Emotions) Flashcards

1
Q

All emotions are expressed in two ways, what are they?

A
  1. Visceral motor changes
  2. Somatic motor changes (facial muscles)
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2
Q

All emotions are accompanied by ______________ experiences.

A

subjective

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3
Q

There are two mechanisms of control for facial muscles (somatic motor response), what are they?

A
  1. Voluntary (classical motor pathways)
  2. Involuntary/automatic (limbic systems)
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4
Q

Which mechanism of control of facial muscles does this describe:

Descending “pyramidal” and “extrapyramidal” projections from motor cortex and brainstem

A

Volitional movement of facial muscles

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5
Q

Which mechanism of control of facial muscles does this describe:

Descending “extrapyramidal” projections from “limbic” centers of ventral-medial forebrain and hypothalamus

A

Emotional expression (involuntary/automatic limbic systems)

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6
Q

The ______________ is key for the activation of both mechanisms that control the facial muscles

A

Hypothalamus

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7
Q

When it comes to emotional expression, there is a dual nature of descending motor control for facial musculature.

What are the two mechanisms?

A
  1. Voluntary response - motor cortical areas
  2. Involuntary response - limbic system
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8
Q

The connection between the limbic system and the body is a “two-way street” in what way?

A

The motor system influences the limbic system/emotional states and vice versa.

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9
Q

Emotions differ along two dimensions, what are they?

A
  • Intensity (arousal level)
  • Valence (pleasantness or aversive: approach or avoidance)
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10
Q

Name two sources of emotion

A

Sensory drive from muscles to internal organs

Forebrain

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11
Q

Sensory drive from muscles and internal organs is a source of emotion how?

A

Input forms the sensory limb of reflex circuitry that allows rapid physiological changes in response to altered conditions

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12
Q

The forebrain is a source of emotion, how so?

A

Anticipated events, suspenseful situations, etc. lead to autonomic activation and strongly felt emotions

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13
Q

Name the three brain structures involved in emotion

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Amygdala
  • Limbic system
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14
Q

Integration of emotion is primarily the responsibility of which brain region?

A

Hypothalamus

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15
Q

The hypothalamus is connected to two main target structures, what are they?

A
  1. Reticular formation
  2. Anterior pituitary gland (endocrine system)
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16
Q

The reticular formation (brainstem) is responsible for…

A

producing somatic and visceral responses tied to emotional states (e.g., anger)

17
Q

Through connection to the reticular formation, the hypothalamus controls expression of emotion via:

A

Somatic: somatic neurons in the brainstem, somatic neurons in the spinal cord

Visceral: autonomic neurons in the brainstem, autonomic neurons in the spinal cord

18
Q

Reticular neurons can produce widespread and visceral motor responses, sometimes involving almost every organ in the body, true or false?

A

True

19
Q

Adrenaline and cortisol prepare the body for physical exertion, this involves

A
  • Blood shunted away from gut to the muscles
  • Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration increase
  • Body temperature increases
  • Skin perspires
20
Q

Emotional response involves the hypothalamus recruiting two broad classes of targets, targets in the somatic motor system via ________________ and responsible for __________________, and target in the visceral motor system via ___________________ and responsible for _________________________.

A

Somatic motor system: reticular formation (somatic neuron pools in brainstem and spinal cord), responsible for facial expressions

Visceral motor system: anterior pituitary gland, autonomic neuron pools in the brainstem and spinal cord, responsible for increased heart rate, blushing, sweating

21
Q

What happens if the cortex is disconnected from the hypothalamus, but the hypothalamus remains connected to targets?

A

Sham rage (cortex is unable to inhibit)

22
Q

The _____________ often inhibits basic, reflexive responses mediated by other regions of the brain (e.g., socially inappropriate responses inhibited by frontal lobes.

A

cortex

23
Q

Descending control to the hypothalamus comes from which parts of the brain?

A

Frontal cortex and amygdala

24
Q

The amygdala links cortical regions that process sensory information with…

A

hypothalamic effector systems

25
Q

Group of nuclei (gray matter) in the anteromedial temporal lobe

A

Amygdala

26
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

Receives and transmits information from diverse cortical areas (including heteromodal association cortices)

27
Q

What are the three major subdivisions of the amygdala?

A
  1. Medial group (olfactory system)
  2. Basal-lateral group (cortex)
  3. Central/anterior group (hypothalamus)
28
Q

The basal-lateral group of the amygdala plays a role in…

A

Interpreting/evaluating significance of stimuli

29
Q

Which group of the amygdala influences attention, conscious proprioception and memory of dangerous situations?

A

Basal-lateral group (cortex)

30
Q

Which group of the amygdala controls visceral responses and somatic responses?

A

Central anterior group (hypothalamus/brainstem reticular information)

31
Q

Where is the amygdala physically located?

A

Between descending cortical/limbic systems and the hypothalamus

32
Q

Mediates descending control of the hypothalamus (and emotional motor response via hypothalamus)

A

Amygdala

33
Q

What happens when an individual has damage to the amygdala?

A

They are unable to recognize fear

34
Q

What are the components of the limbic system?

A
  • Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
  • Frontal lobe
  • Olfactory bulb
  • Amygdala
  • Hippocampus
35
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A
  • Homeostatic responses
  • Olfaction
  • Memory
  • Emotional/goal directed behavior
36
Q

Which structure of the limbic system is involved in the homeostatic response function?

A

Hypothalamus

37
Q

Which structure of the limbic system is involved in the olfaction function?

A

Olfactory bulb and cortex

38
Q

Which structure of the limbic system is involved in the memory function?

A

Hippocampal formation (circuit of Papez)

39
Q

Which structure of the limbic system is involved in the emotional/goal directed behavior function?

A

Amygdala

Neuroanatomy (OCCU 6140) (20 decks)

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