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Neuroanatomy (OCCU 6140) > Final 5 (Association Cortex + Cognition) > Flashcards

Final 5 (Association Cortex + Cognition) Flashcards

1
Q

Heteromodal association areas are a combination of which two areas?

A

Primary and supplementary

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2
Q

The primary areas of the brain and the supplementary (unimodal) areas of the brain are generally associated with ___________, ____________ and/or _________________. The heteromodal areas is where this information comes together.

A

Motor, sensory and/or vision

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3
Q

The parietal/dorsal stream is related to what type of information?

A

Where? (analysis of motion and spatial relations)

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4
Q

The temporal/ventral stream is related to what type of information?

A

What? (analysis of form and color)

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5
Q

Puts together information provided by various unimodal association areas to accomplish more complex functions

A

Heteromodal association areas

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6
Q

The majority of the brain is responsible for pulling together unimodal information; therefore the majority of the brain is _________________

A

Heteromodal

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7
Q

Most of the cerebral surface of the brain is…

A

Association cortices (heteromodal)

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8
Q

Responsible for complex processing that goes on between the arrival of input to the primary sensory cortices and the generation of behavior, function: loosely referred to as “cognition”

A

Association cortices

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9
Q

Process by which we come to know the world

A

Cognition

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10
Q

Cognition involves 3 functions, what are they?

A
  1. Attending to complex stimuli
  2. Identifying these stimuli
  3. Responding (planning appropriate responses)
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11
Q

Cognition involves:
1. Attending to complex stimuli
2. Identifying these stimuli
3. Responding (planning appropriate responses)

What areas of the brain are primarily responsible for each?

A
  1. Attending to complex stimuli
    - Parietal cortex (where)
  2. Identifying these stimuli
    - Temporal cortex (what)
  3. Responding (planning appropriate responses)
    - Frontal lobes
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12
Q

Cognition involves responding (planning appropriate responses to stimuli), the frontal lobes are primarily responsible for this. What are the three main responses?

A
  • Restraint
  • Initiative
  • Order
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13
Q

The ____________ cortex integrates complex information from sensory and motor cortices, and parietal and temporal association cortices.

A

Frontal

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14
Q

In order to achieve the functions of cognition, association cortices are connected to many brain regions, name these areas

A
  • Primary motor and sensory areas
  • Thalamus
  • Brainstem
  • Hippocampus
  • Basal ganglia
  • Cerebellum
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15
Q

Name the function(s) of each of these areas of the brain:
1. Parietal association cortex
2. Temporal association cortex
3. Frontal association cortex

A
  1. Parietal association cortex
    - Attention
  2. Temporal association cortex
    - Recognition
  3. Frontal association cortex
    - Planning and decision making
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16
Q

Damage to the parietal association cortex yields…

A
  • Contralateral neglect
  • Apraxia (typically occurs with left-sided damage)
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17
Q

It is known that the parietal association cortex is associated with attention; therefore, what is suspected when there is damage to this area?

A
  • Neglect
  • Apraxia
18
Q

Damage to the temporal association cortex yields…

A

Damage on the right typically yields:
- Visual agnosia

Damage on the left typically yields:
- Aphasias

19
Q

It is known that the temporal association cortex is associated with recognition; therefore, what is suspected when there is damage to this area?

A
  • Agnosia (right)
  • Aphasia (left)
20
Q

Describes most of the cortex covering of the cerebral hemispheres, 6 cellular (laminae) with distinct cell populations

A

Neocortex

21
Q

The neocortex has 6 cellular (laminae) with distinct cell populations, these populations show similarities in…

A
  • Density
  • Size
  • Shape
22
Q

Each cortical region of the neocortex has distinct connections, name four:

A
  1. Primary source of inputs and outputs
  2. Vertical and horizontal axis connections
  3. Radial alignment
  4. Interneurons (connect functionally to similar cell groups)
23
Q

What are the primary sources of input to the neocortex and ultimately the association cortices?

A
  • Thalamus
  • Other cortical areas
  • Brainstem modulatory systems
24
Q

Explain the thalamus as a primary source of input to the association cortices

A

The thalamic nuclei for primary sensory/motor (VPL/VPM and LGN) receive info from the periphery (primary and secondary sensory areas)

The pulvinar and medial dorsal nuclei receive information from the cortex

25
Q

The pulvinar and medial dorsal nuclei of the thalamus receive information from the cortex, which area of the cortex is each connected to?

A

Pulvinar = parietal association cortex

Medial dorsal nuclei = frontal association cortex

26
Q

The association cortices receive input from the thalamus. The two thalamic nuclei that provide much of the subcortical input to the association cortex are…

A

The medial dorsal nucleus and the pulvinar nucleus

27
Q

The medial dorsal nucleus and pulvinar nucleus receive information from other regions of the cortex rather than…

A

receiving peripheral sensory information.

28
Q

A main source of input to the association cortices is cortico-cortical connections (other cortical areas). This includes ipsilateral connections and inter-hemispheric connections, explain each

A

Ipsilateral connections: from primary and secondary sensory and motor cortices on the same side of the brain.

Inter-hemispheric: from corresponding and non-corresponding regions of cortex on the other side of the brain (via corpus callosum and anterior commissure).

29
Q

A main input source to the association cortices is brainstem modulatory centers, explain the function of this connection

A

Brainstem modulatory centers act like “dimmer switches” to turn overall activity up or down.

30
Q

Explain the brainstem modulatory centers as they relate to input to the association cortices

A

Upper brainstem = norepinephrine (noradrenergic), serotonin, glutamate

Upper brainstem & reticular formation = acetylcholine and glutamate

Basal forebrain = cholinergic

31
Q

What are the primary sources of outputs of the association cortices?

A
  1. Other cortical areas (ipsilateral)
  2. Other cortical areas (contralateral)
  3. Subcortical structures
  4. Thalamus
32
Q

The thalamus acts a source of both input and output of the association cortices, true or false?

A

True

33
Q

In the neocortex, each layer has both vertical and horizontal connections. Cells with similar functions are wired together into _____________ arranged ______________.

A

Cells with similar functions are wired together into columns arranged radially.

34
Q

Connectivity of association cortices is the same as connectivity of primary cortices and unimodal association cortices, true or false?

A

False, connectivity of association cortices is DIFFERENT from connectivity of primary cortices and unimodal association cortices

35
Q

Connectivity of association cortices is DIFFERENT from connectivity of primary cortices and unimodal association cortices, how do they differ?

A
  1. Inputs come from other regions of the cortex rather than the periphery (information has already been processed)
  2. Cortical-cortical connections
    - Ipsilateral (primary and secondary sensory/motor cortices)
    - Contralateral (corpus callosum and anterior commissure)
  3. Subcortical connections
    - Midbrain (dopaminergic nuclei)
    - Reticular formation
    - Brainstem
36
Q

The primary source(s) of inputs to the primary cortices is/are…

A

The periphery

37
Q

The primary source(s) of inputs to the heteromodal association cortices is/are…

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Other cortical areas
  3. Brainstem modulatory systems
38
Q

The primary output(s) of the primary cortices is/are…

A

Spinal cord neurons

39
Q

The primary output(s) of the heteromodal association cortices is/are…

A
  • Thalamus
  • Other cortical structures
  • Subcortical structures
40
Q

Where do association cortices get the majority of their input?

A) Axons from the periphery
B) The frontal lobe
C) Other parts of the brain

A

C) Other parts of the brain

Neuroanatomy (OCCU 6140) (20 decks)

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