Final 10 (Memory)

Question 1

There are two broad categories of human memory

Answer 1

1. Qualitative
2. Temporal

Question 2

What are the qualitative categories of memory?

Answer 2

Declarative (explicit)
Nondeclarative (implicit)

Question 3

What are the temporal categories of memory?

Answer 3

Immediate
Working
Long-term

Question 4

Explain declarative memory

Answer 4

• Explicit
• Available to consciousness
• Often can be learned in a single exposure (one-trial learning)

Question 5

Explain nondeclarative memory

Answer 5

• Implicit
• Generally not available to consciousness
• Usually requires many repetitions (gradual learning)

Question 6

What is the most important region of the brain in forming new declarative memories?

Answer 6

Hippocampus and diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)

Question 7

During the period of retrograde amnesia, an individual will have issues with what aspect of memory?

Answer 7

Memory retrieval

Question 8

During the period of anterograde amnesia, and individual will have issues with what aspect of memory?

Answer 8

Memory consolidation

Question 9

Left diencephalic lesions result in…

Answer 9

Verbal memory deficits

Question 10

Right diencephalic lesions result in…

Answer 10

Visual-spatial memory deficits

Question 11

The ____________ establishes new declarative memories

Answer 11

hippocampus

Question 12

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 12

Loss of events preceding injury more indicative of generalized lesions associated with head trauma &/or degenerative disorders

Question 13

The duration of post traumatic amnesia is defined as the period following coma in which the GOAT score is ___________. Post-traumatic amnesia is considered to have ended if a score of _______ is achieved on three consecutive administrations.

Answer 13

<75
>/= 75

Question 14

________________ of post-traumatic amnesia provides one of the earliest and best predictors of long-term outcome.

Answer 14

Duration

Question 15

Phone number, dates, names, events and important information are all examples of what type of memory?

Answer 15

Declarative

Question 16

What are the two key areas of the brain involved in declarative memory?

Answer 16

• Hippocampus
• Midline diencephalic structures (thalamus/hypothalamus)

Question 17

Declarative =
Non-declarative =

Answer 17

Declarative = explicit
Non-declarative = implicit

Question 18

Damage to the hippocampus and/or the medial diencephalic structures results in…

Answer 18

Anterograde amnesia (inability to form new memories)

Question 19

Where are long-term declarative memories stored?

Answer 19

A variety of cortical sites

(Wernicke’s area for the meanings of words, temporal cortex for the memories of objects and faces…)

Question 20

Storage of long-term declarative memories is related to the modality in question, true or false?

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Degradation in long-term memory is proportional to…

Answer 21

the amount of cortex damaged (mass action principle)

Question 22

Association is important for storage, how so?

Answer 22

Capacity of working memory depends upon meaning to the person and amount of associated information that has already been stored

Question 23

Motivation and interest do not influence memory, true or false?

Answer 23

False

Question 24

An individual will be better at remembering things about food when they are hungry, this is an example of how __________ influences memory.

Answer 24

Motivation

Question 25

Retrieving memories involves which region of the brain?

Answer 25

Frontal lobes

Question 26

Damage to the frontal lobes results in what type of deficits involving memory?

Answer 26

Difficulty with recall, sometimes accompanied by confabulation

Question 27

The ability to remember how to perform ADLs is reliant on what type of memory?

Answer 27

Non-declarative (implicit)

Question 28

It is easy to verbalize non-declarative/implicit memories, true or false?

Answer 28

False, it is difficult to verbalize

Question 29

What areas of the brain are involved in implicit/non-declarative memory?

Answer 29

- Premotor cortex - Basal ganglia - Amygdala - Cerebellum

Question 30

Procedural motor learning, classical conditioning, priming and operant conditioning are all examples of ______________ memory.

Answer 30

non-declarative

Question 31

_______________(neurotransmitter) in the basal ganglia is important in the procedural motor learning process.

Answer 31

Dopamine

Question 32

Learning to associate two sensory stimuli

Answer 32

Classical conditioning

Question 33

Food (unconditioned stimulus), leading to salivation (unconditioned response). Then presenting a bell just before food, the animal learns association and begins salivating when the bell is sounded. This is an example of...

Answer 33

Classical conditioning The bell is a conditioned stimulus that now results in a conditioned response (salivation)

Question 34

Change in the processing of a stimulus due to a previous encounter with the same or related stimulus, with or without conscious awareness of the original encounter

Answer 34

Priming

Question 35

Priming is not resistant to brain damage, aging and dementia, true or false?

Answer 35

False, priming is resistant to brain damage, aging and dementia

Question 36

Learning to associate a stimulus with a response (e.g., when a certain behavior is followed by a reinforcing stimulus the likelihood of that behavior changes)

Answer 36

Instrumental (operant conditioning)

Question 37

Instrumental (operant conditioning) is reliant on which region of the brain?

Answer 37

Basal ganglia

Question 38

Damage to these structures interferes with the ability to form new motor skills

Answer 38

- Basal ganglia - Cerebellum - Pre-frontal cortex

Question 39

Similar to declarative memories, non-declarative memories are stored...

Answer 39

in context specific areas

Question 40

Non-declarative memories are primarily stored within brain regions...

Answer 40

originally involved in processing each kind of information

Question 41

Retrieving declarative memories appears to involve which area of the brain?

Answer 41

Frontal lobes

Question 42

Retrieving non-declarative memories appears to involve which area of the brain?

Answer 42

Frontal lobes

Question 43

Making a change in synaptic plasticity last more than a few hours requires _____________________ and ____________________. These take at least several hours (considerably longer than short-term plasticity).

Answer 43

gene transcription and protein synthesis

Question 44

The hippocampus is particularly vulnerable to ____________ injury.

Answer 44

anoxic injury (ischemia)

Question 45

Degenerative diseased such as Alzheimer's affects which areas of the brain?

Answer 45

Bilateral hippocampal, temporal and basal forebrain structures

Question 46

Psychogenic amnesia involves damage to temporal lobes, true or false?

Answer 46

False, psychogenic amnesia involves NO damage to temporal lobes

Question 47

A person can have deficits in forming new declarative memories, while mostly sparing existing memories and procedural memory, true or false?

Answer 47

True, patient HM provides an example of this

Question 48

Memory involves a large number of limbic brain regions, true or false?

Answer 48

True

Question 49

Goldfish have poor memories, true or false?

Answer 49

False! They have great memories! LOL