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Neuroanatomy (OCCU 6140) > Final 10 (Memory) > Flashcards

Final 10 (Memory) Flashcards

1
Q

There are two broad categories of human memory

A
  1. Qualitative
  2. Temporal
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2
Q

What are the qualitative categories of memory?

A

Declarative (explicit)
Nondeclarative (implicit)

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3
Q

What are the temporal categories of memory?

A

Immediate
Working
Long-term

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4
Q

Explain declarative memory

A
  • Explicit
  • Available to consciousness
  • Often can be learned in a single exposure (one-trial learning)
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5
Q

Explain nondeclarative memory

A
  • Implicit
  • Generally not available to consciousness
  • Usually requires many repetitions (gradual learning)
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6
Q

What is the most important region of the brain in forming new declarative memories?

A

Hippocampus and diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)

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7
Q

During the period of retrograde amnesia, an individual will have issues with what aspect of memory?

A

Memory retrieval

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8
Q

During the period of anterograde amnesia, and individual will have issues with what aspect of memory?

A

Memory consolidation

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9
Q

Left diencephalic lesions result in…

A

Verbal memory deficits

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10
Q

Right diencephalic lesions result in…

A

Visual-spatial memory deficits

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11
Q

The ____________ establishes new declarative memories

A

hippocampus

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12
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Loss of events preceding injury more indicative of generalized lesions associated with head trauma &/or degenerative disorders

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13
Q

The duration of post traumatic amnesia is defined as the period following coma in which the GOAT score is ___________. Post-traumatic amnesia is considered to have ended if a score of _______ is achieved on three consecutive administrations.

A

<75
>/= 75

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14
Q

________________ of post-traumatic amnesia provides one of the earliest and best predictors of long-term outcome.

A

Duration

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15
Q

Phone number, dates, names, events and important information are all examples of what type of memory?

A

Declarative

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16
Q

What are the two key areas of the brain involved in declarative memory?

A
  • Hippocampus
  • Midline diencephalic structures (thalamus/hypothalamus)
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17
Q

Declarative =
Non-declarative =

A

Declarative = explicit
Non-declarative = implicit

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18
Q

Damage to the hippocampus and/or the medial diencephalic structures results in…

A

Anterograde amnesia (inability to form new memories)

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19
Q

Where are long-term declarative memories stored?

A

A variety of cortical sites

(Wernicke’s area for the meanings of words, temporal cortex for the memories of objects and faces…)

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20
Q

Storage of long-term declarative memories is related to the modality in question, true or false?

A

True

21
Q

Degradation in long-term memory is proportional to…

A

the amount of cortex damaged (mass action principle)

22
Q

Association is important for storage, how so?

A

Capacity of working memory depends upon meaning to the person and amount of associated information that has already been stored

23
Q

Motivation and interest do not influence memory, true or false?

A

False

24
Q

An individual will be better at remembering things about food when they are hungry, this is an example of how __________ influences memory.

A

Motivation

25
Q

Retrieving memories involves which region of the brain?

A

Frontal lobes

26
Q

Damage to the frontal lobes results in what type of deficits involving memory?

A

Difficulty with recall, sometimes accompanied by confabulation

27
Q

The ability to remember how to perform ADLs is reliant on what type of memory?

A

Non-declarative (implicit)

28
Q

It is easy to verbalize non-declarative/implicit memories, true or false?

A

False, it is difficult to verbalize

29
Q

What areas of the brain are involved in implicit/non-declarative memory?

A
  • Premotor cortex
  • Basal ganglia
  • Amygdala
  • Cerebellum
30
Q

Procedural motor learning, classical conditioning, priming and operant conditioning are all examples of ______________ memory.

A

non-declarative

31
Q

_______________(neurotransmitter) in the basal ganglia is important in the procedural motor learning process.

A

Dopamine

32
Q

Learning to associate two sensory stimuli

A

Classical conditioning

33
Q

Food (unconditioned stimulus), leading to salivation (unconditioned response).

Then presenting a bell just before food, the animal learns association and begins salivating when the bell is sounded.

This is an example of…

A

Classical conditioning

The bell is a conditioned stimulus that now results in a conditioned response (salivation)

34
Q

Change in the processing of a stimulus due to a previous encounter with the same or related stimulus, with or without conscious awareness of the original encounter

A

Priming

35
Q

Priming is not resistant to brain damage, aging and dementia, true or false?

A

False, priming is resistant to brain damage, aging and dementia

36
Q

Learning to associate a stimulus with a response (e.g., when a certain behavior is followed by a reinforcing stimulus the likelihood of that behavior changes)

A

Instrumental (operant conditioning)

37
Q

Instrumental (operant conditioning) is reliant on which region of the brain?

A

Basal ganglia

38
Q

Damage to these structures interferes with the ability to form new motor skills

A
  • Basal ganglia
  • Cerebellum
  • Pre-frontal cortex
39
Q

Similar to declarative memories, non-declarative memories are stored…

A

in context specific areas

40
Q

Non-declarative memories are primarily stored within brain regions…

A

originally involved in processing each kind of information

41
Q

Retrieving declarative memories appears to involve which area of the brain?

A

Frontal lobes

42
Q

Retrieving non-declarative memories appears to involve which area of the brain?

A

Frontal lobes

43
Q

Making a change in synaptic plasticity last more than a few hours requires _____________________ and ____________________. These take at least several hours (considerably longer than short-term plasticity).

A

gene transcription and protein synthesis

44
Q

The hippocampus is particularly vulnerable to ____________ injury.

A

anoxic injury (ischemia)

45
Q

Degenerative diseased such as Alzheimer’s affects which areas of the brain?

A

Bilateral hippocampal, temporal and basal forebrain structures

46
Q

Psychogenic amnesia involves damage to temporal lobes, true or false?

A

False, psychogenic amnesia involves NO damage to temporal lobes

47
Q

A person can have deficits in forming new declarative memories, while mostly sparing existing memories and procedural memory, true or false?

A

True, patient HM provides an example of this

48
Q

Memory involves a large number of limbic brain regions, true or false?

A

True

49
Q

Goldfish have poor memories, true or false?

A

False! They have great memories! LOL

Neuroanatomy (OCCU 6140) (20 decks)

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