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Neuroanatomy (OCCU 6140) > Final 1 (Neuroplasticity) > Flashcards

Final 1 (Neuroplasticity) Flashcards

1
Q

The brain’s ability to modify, change, and adapt both structure and function throughout life and in response to experience

A

Neuroplasticity

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2
Q

Connection between neurons can be modified, what is this called?

A

Synaptic plasticity

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3
Q

Neuroplasticity is continuously taking place throughout the lifespan, true or false?

A

True

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4
Q

Neuroplasticity includes several different processes, name some?

A

Neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, synaptic plasticity, cortical reorganization

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5
Q

Neuroplasticity is never maladaptive, true or false?

A

False, neuroplasticity is maladaptive in some cases

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6
Q

Connection between neurons is ________________dynamic/stable?

A

Dynamic (constant change in response to many factors)

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7
Q

Neuroplasticity forms the basis of…

A

Learning, memory, development of neural connections, natural recovery after injury, neurorehabilitation

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8
Q

What is homosynaptic plasticity?

A

Changes in synaptic strength localized to a post-synaptic target neuron stimulated by its own pre-synaptic neuron

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9
Q

Homosynaptic plasticity: Changes in synaptic strength localized to a ____________ target neuron stimulated by ____________________.

A

Changes in synaptic strength localized to a post-synaptic target neuron stimulated by its own pre-synaptic neuron

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10
Q

What is hetero-synaptic plasticity?

A

Activity of a neuron leads to changes in the strength of synaptic connections of other neurons (interneurons release neurotransmitters that act on the synapse)

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11
Q

Activity of a neuron leads to changes in the strength of synaptic connections of other neurons (interneurons release neurotransmitters that act on the synapse)

A

Hetero-synaptic plasticity

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12
Q

What are the two main types of short-term plasticity?

A
  1. Short-term potentiation
  2. Short-term depression
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13
Q

During short-term potentiation what occurs?

A

There is a short-term increase in synaptic strength due to and increase in neurotransmitter release.

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14
Q

During short-term depression what occurs?

A

There is a short-term decrease in synaptic strength due to a decrease in availability of neurotransmitter release.

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15
Q

What are the two main types of long-term plasticity?

A
  1. Long-term potentiation
  2. Long-term depression
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16
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A

A long-term increase in synaptic connections

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17
Q

What is long-term depression?

A

A long-term decrease in synaptic connections

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18
Q

Short-term potentiation and short-term depression happen how quickly?

A

Milliseconds to seconds

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19
Q

Long-term potentiation and long-term depression happen how quickly?

A

Minutes to hours

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20
Q

Temporary functional changes refer to…

A

Short-term potentiation and depression

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21
Q

More permanent, structural changes refer to…

A

Lon-term potentiation and depression

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22
Q

During long-term potentiation, calcium enters the post-synaptic cell to act as a ______________________

A

Secondary messenger

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23
Q

During long-term potentiation, an increase in intracellular calcium results in several biomechanical events…

A
  1. More AMPA receptors are added to the postsynaptic membrane
  2. Increase in number, size and length of dendritic spines
  3. Increase in binding sites, increase in glutamate sensitivity
  4. Results in strengthening of synaptic transmission
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24
Q

During long-term potentiation, an increase in ____________________ results in several biomechanical events.

A

Intracellular calcium

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25
Q

During long-term potentiation, more ______________ receptors are added to the postsynaptic membrane.

A

AMPA

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26
Q

To change synaptic plasticity on a long-term basis requires:
1.
2.

A
  1. Gene transcription
  2. Protein synthesis
27
Q

During long-term depression, low frequency continuous input depresses the ___________ amplitude

A

EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potentials)

28
Q

Long-term depression and long-term potentiation have opposing but complementary functions, explain

A

Long-term depression can abolish the effect of long-term depression and vice versa (long-term potentiation can abolish the effect of long-term depression)

29
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

During synaptic pruning, the brain eliminates extra synapses.

30
Q

The mechanism of long-term depression aims to…

A

Selectively weaken synapses

31
Q

The main mechanism of long-term depression is…

A

Removal of AMPA receptors from the post-synaptic membrane

32
Q

The removal of AMPA receptors from the post-synaptic membrane during long-term depression results in…

A

A decrease in sensitivity to glutamate, therefore the post-synaptic membrane is less likely to be depolarized

33
Q

Repeated high frequency simulation of sufficient amplitude is the mechanism behind ____________________

A

Long-term potentiation

34
Q

Repeated low frequency stimulation while post-synaptic membrane is hyperpolarized or weakly depolarized is the mechanism behind

A

Long-term depression

35
Q

How can dopamine affect synaptic plasticity?

A

By modulating AMPA and NDMA receptors

36
Q

In a peripheral nerve injury, the axon is capable of axonal regeneration, true or false?

A

True

37
Q

After a central nervous system injury, the axon is capable of axonal regeneration, true or false?

A

True, axonal regeneration is severely hindered

38
Q

What type of injury, results in neuronal death, overgrowth of glial cells contributing to glial scarring and axonal regeneration is severely hindered?

A

Central nervous system injury

39
Q

What type of injury is capable of axonal regeneration?

A

Peripheral

40
Q

What is the reversibly injured brain tissue around ischemic core called?

A

Penumbra

41
Q

What are the two types of synaptogenesis?

A
  1. Regenerative synaptogenesis
  2. Reactive synaptogenesis
42
Q

Explain the two type of synaptogenesis

A
  1. Regenerative synaptogenesis
    (Rebuilding/restoration of synapses that may have been damaged or lost)
  2. Reactive synaptogenesis
    (Collateral sprouting, sprouting of new branches)
43
Q

Explain reactive synaptogenesis

A

Neighboring axons sprout to innervate synaptic sites previously activated by injured axons (collateral sprouting)

44
Q

Birth of new neurons

A

Neurogenesis

45
Q

Sensory and motor maps undergo __________________.

A

Constant revision

46
Q

Recovery after brain injury is primarily due to ______________________

A

Reorganization of function

47
Q

Recovery after brain injury is primarily due to reorganization of function using remaining ____________ rather than repair of damaged brain tissue.

A

Recovery after brain injury is primarily due to reorganization of function using remaining intact circuits rather than repair of damaged brain tissue.

48
Q

Early in learning and after brain injury, _____________ regions of the brain are active.

A

Early in learning and after brain injury, diffuse regions of the brain are active.

49
Q

Cortical reorganization can occur well after injury, true or false?

A

True

50
Q

With repetition, the number of active areas decreases, true or false?

A

True

51
Q

Relating to experience-dependent plasticity, the amount of brain activity is _________________ with improved performance.

A

Decreased

52
Q

______________ is the most responsive to aerobic exercise.

A

Executive function most responsive to aerobic exercise.

53
Q

_______________ is the most responsive to resistance training.

A

Memory is the most responsive to resistance training.

54
Q

How does exercise promote neuroplasticity?

A

Reduces excitotoxicity, apoptosis, and inflammation.

Increases growth factors.

Promotes cortical reorganization.

Increases the complexity and density of dendritic spines.

Promotes collateral sprouting.

55
Q

Activities need to be both _________ and _______________ (skilled movement) to promote neuroplasticity.

A

Activities need to be both repetitive and challenging

56
Q

Less therapy usually results in better outcomes relating to neuroplasticity, true or false?

A

False, more therapy usually results in better outcomes.

57
Q

Dopamine release is linked to the ____________ of a task.

A

Salience

58
Q

Prolonged lack of movement following cortical injury can result in…

A

Loss of function in undamaged adjacent areas (learned non-use).

59
Q

____________ can prevent a loss of function in undamaged areas.

A

Activity can prevent a loss of function in undamaged areas.

60
Q

Plasticity can be short- or long-term, long-term plasticity requires changes in…

A

gene transcription and protein synthesis.

61
Q

Long-term depression counteracts long-term potentiation by…

A

Weakening/pruning neural pathways that aren’t successfully communicating.

62
Q

Recovery after brain injury is mostly due to ______________________ rather than repair of damaged brain tissue.

A

reorganization of function using remaining intact circuits than repair of damaged brain tissue.

63
Q

To promote neuroplasticity, activities need to be _________________, ___________________, and _________________.

A

To promote neuroplasticity, activities need to be challenging, repetitive and meaningful.

64
Q

Exercise may increase ___________ excitability.

A

Cortical

Neuroanatomy (OCCU 6140) (20 decks)

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