Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroanatomy (OCCU 6140) > Final 2 (Motor Learning) > Flashcards

Final 2 (Motor Learning) Flashcards

1
Q

A set of the processes associated with practice or experience leading to a relatively permanent change in the capability for skilled behavior

A

Motor learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Motor learning characteristics:
- Learning occurs as a direct result of…
- Learning cannot be observed….
- Produce ________________ changes

A
  • Learning occurs as a direct result of practice or experience
  • Learning cannot be observed directly
  • Produce relatively permanent changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Is explicit learning conscious or unconscious?

A

Conscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Is implicit learning conscious or unconscious?

A

Unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Learning generated by conscious verbal knowledge of movement performance with a kinematic focus and reliance on working memory.

A

Explicit motor learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Unconscious remembering of movement patterns, with little verbal knowledge or instruction

A

Implicit motor learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Implicit motor learning relies on working memory, true or false?

A

False, explicit does

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

There are little to no improvements made in the autonomous stage, true or false?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

During motor learning, which parts of the brain are active?

A

Prefrontal lobe, motor cortices, striatum, cerebellum, and parietal lobe are active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

There is decreased activity in certain areas of the brain as motor learning progresses, true or false?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name three factors affecting learning

A
  1. The abilities of the learner
  2. The type of the task
  3. The client’s current learning stage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The abilities of the learner affect motor learning, name some factors that may be involved

A

Learning style, experiences, CNS injury, cognitive impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The type of task affects motor learning, name some factors that may be involved

A

Discrete vs. continuous, open vs. closed, environment, client’s goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The client’s current learning stage affects motor learning, what are the possible stages a learner might be in?

A

Cognitive, associative, autonomous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Practice is important in motor learning as it provides clients with _________________ opportunities.

A

Problem-solving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

To provide a client with problem-solving opportunities, one should ask a client to…

A
  1. Identify the problem
  2. Identify possible solutions
  3. Select the ‘best’ solution
  4. Practice the solution
  5. Analyze the outcome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Having a learner actively problem-solve can enhance learning, true or false?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When you practice a skill, improvements can be seen almost immediately, this is a sign that motor learning changes have occurred and are relatively permanent, true or false?

A

False, When you practice a skill, improvements can be seen almost immediately, these effects might be transient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How well the practice made the skill “stick”

A

Retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do you test retention?

A

Same test performed at a later date

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The degree to which the task practiced leads to improvements in performance of a different but related task

A

Transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do you test transfer?

A

Different but related task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Discrete task

A

Task has a clear beginning and end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Feedback is obtained after task completion in _____________ tasks.

A

discrete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

______________ tasks allow for adjustments to be made in real time.

A

Continuous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Part practice works better for what type of motor learning and tasks?

A

Better for early motor learning, especially for complex and/or discrete tasks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Whole practice works better for what type of motor learning and tasks?

A

Better for working on an entire skill at once, especially for continuous tasks (i.e., walking).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Tasks are performed in a predictable, unchanging environment

A

Closed tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Tasks are performed in a dynamic and changing environment

A

Open tasks

30
Q

Practice task A, then task B, then task C (i.e., AAA, BBB, CCC)

A

Blocked practice

31
Q

Practice combinations of tasks A, B, and C (i.e., ABB, CAC, CBA)

A

Random practice

32
Q

Practice is broken up into a number of short sessions over a longer period of time (i.e., ABC)

A

Distributed

33
Q

In general, _____________ practice results in better learning, retention, and transferability than __________ practice.

A

In general, random practice results in better learning, retention, and transferability than blocked practice.

34
Q

____________ practice leads to better retention than __________ practice.

A

Distributed practice leads to better retention than blocked practice.

35
Q

Random practice results in better learning, retention, and transferability, why is this?

A

Random practice often involves more error and therefore problem-solving (errors are important for neuroplasticity).

36
Q

The benefit of random practice may be lost when…

A

The benefit of random practice may be lost when learning very complex tasks or in individuals with significant neurological deficits

37
Q

People with neurological injuries require more practice than healthy individuals, true or false?

A

True

38
Q

Why might distributed practice be used instead of random practice?

A

If the client experiences difficulty with attention or fatigue.

39
Q

To promote cortical reorganization, the rehabilitation dose must involve significant…

A

Practice repetition

40
Q

Explain action observation

A

Prior to the client performing the task, provide a demonstration or have them observe the task (therapist demonstration, peer demonstration).

Use of mirror neurons.

41
Q

When watching someone perform a skill, _____________ are activated.

A

Mirror neurons

42
Q

Explain motor imagery, mental rehearsal

A

Cognitive rehearsal and imaging of a motor action with the goal of improving performance without physical movement

43
Q

Mental practice alone can improve motor performance, true or false?

A

True, BUT mental practice + physical practice = greater improvements in motor performance

44
Q

Internal information the person obtains from the movement (visual, auditory, somatosensory, vestibular).

Critical for error detection.

A

Intrinsic feedback

45
Q

What type of feedback is critical for error detection?

A

Intrinsic feedback

46
Q

Information gathered from outside a person’s own body.

A

Extrinsic (augmented) feedback

47
Q

What are the two types of extrinsic (augmented) feedback?

A
  1. Knowledge of results
  2. Knowledge of performance
48
Q

Knowledge of results

A

Feedback related to the goal/outcome of the movement

49
Q

Knowledge of performance

A

Feedback of kinematics of the movement

50
Q

Knowledge of ________________ is more useful in early motor learning.

A

results

51
Q

Knowledge of ______________ is more useful in later motor learning.

A

performance

52
Q

Negative feedback should always come before positive, true or false?

A

False, positive feedback should come before negative

53
Q

Excessive feedback can hinder learning, true or false?

A

True

54
Q

As a therapist, should you GIVE feedback or GET feedback from the client on their performance first?

A

Get the client’s feedback on their own performance before giving your feedback on the performance.

55
Q

Terminal feedback (experienced by the performer once the movement has been completed) and concurrent feedback (experienced by the performer whilst completing the action) should be used at different times. Which should be prioritized?

A

Terminal

56
Q

When giving feedback, you should aim to provide information that isn’t available to the learner, true or false?

A

True

57
Q

In early stages of motor learning, feedback should be:

A
  • More general
  • Qualitative
  • More focused on knowledge of results
58
Q

In later stages of motor learning, feedback should be:

A
  • Less frequent
  • More delayed
  • Smaller in quantity
  • More specific
  • More focused on knowledge of performance
59
Q

Kinematic abundance

A

Muscle and kinematic redundancy, there are multiple different ways to achieve the same outcome. Movement patterns may differ slightly for the same task.

60
Q

Practice meaningful tasks used in daily life, making the tasks as realistic as possible

A

Task salience

61
Q

Early learners or people with cognitive impairment are more ____________ learners.

A

implicit

62
Q

Late learners, and/or people without cognitive impairment are more ________________ learners.

A

explicit

63
Q

Less verbal feedback is used in _______________ learning than ____________ learning.

A

Less verbal feedback is needed in implicit learning than explicit learning.

64
Q

General feedback is used in _______________ learning; whereas, detailed feedback is used in ____________ learning.

A

General feedback is used in implicit learning; whereas, detailed feedback is used in explicit learning.

65
Q

In ___________ learning there is kinematic information, but there is none in __________ learning.

A

In explicit learning there is kinematic information but, there is none in implicit learning.

66
Q

Match these terms:

Knowledge of results
Knowledge of performance
Explicit learning
Implicit learning

A

Knowledge of results - implicit learning

Knowledge of performance - explicit learning

67
Q

_____________ learning is particularly advantageous for people with cognitive impairment.

A

Implicit learning is particularly advantageous for people with cognitive impairment.

68
Q

The following characteristics relate to ____________ learning:
- Knowledge of results
- General feedback
- Focus on implicit learning
- Part practice for discrete tasks

A

Early

69
Q

The following characteristics relate to ____________ learning:
- Knowledge of performance
- Specific feedback
- Faded feedback
- Focus on explicit learning

A

Late

70
Q

People with cognitive impairments or significant neurological deficits should engage in what type of practice?

A

Blocked practice (limits need for problem-solving abilities).

71
Q
A

Neuroanatomy (OCCU 6140) (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions