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MIDSEM COMPILATION Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the reproductive method carried out by the bacterial cell

A

Binary fission

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2
Q

3 shapes of bacteria

A

Rod, spiral and spherical

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3
Q

What bonds is in WATER MOLECULE???

A
  1. O-H= IONIC BOND

2. H—–O = hydrogen bond

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4
Q

PHOTOSYNTHETIC PLANT CELL 7 structure and function !!!

A
  1. CELL WALL: For protection and shape of cell
  2. NUCLEUS: houses genetic material (DNA)
  3. NUCLEOLUS: supynthESISES RNA
  4. Chloroplast : contains chlorophyll for phosyntheis
  5. VACOULE: stores waste and h2 o
  6. MITOCHONDRION: produces energy in form of ATP ( cellular respiration)
  7. PLASMODESMATA: for communication and transport between adjacent cells
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5
Q

6 structure of bacterial cell + function

A
  1. PLASMID: circular DNA usually contain antibiotic resistant gene
  2. FIMBRIAE: Hairlike appendages for attachment
  3. FLAGELLA: movement
  4. CAPSULE: sticky layer for attachment
  5. ENDOSPORE: for bacteria to withstand harsh conditions
  6. CELL MEMBRANE: selective barrier, controls substance movement in and out of cell
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6
Q

What cellular structure from photosynthetic plant cell cannot be found in ANIMAL CELL??

A

Chloroplast and PLASMODESMATA

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7
Q

The chloroplast can be moved within cells to region with more sunlight. This is known as the Cytoplasmic streaming. NAME STRUCTURE RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS!!!!

A

Micro filament ( cytoskeleton component)

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8
Q

Label hydrogen bond that gives ADHESION!!

A

0-cellulose fiber surface

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9
Q

Label cohesion given from h bond

A

H2o——–H20

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10
Q

State one property of water that is due to hydrogen bond

A

Water has a high surface tension due to H bond

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11
Q

State monomer, polymer, bond, occurrence for BIOMOLECULE CARBOHYDRATE

A
  1. MONOMER- monosaccharides (glucose)
  2. BOND: glycosidic bond

POLYMER:

A) STARCH: plants only
B) CELLULOSE: plants only
C) GLYCOGEN: animals only

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12
Q

State monomer, polymer, bond, occurrence for BIOMOLECULE NUCLEIC ACID

A
  1. MONOMER: nucleotide
  2. POLYMER: DNA, tRNA, mRNA, rRNA
  3. Bond: phosphodiester bond
  4. Occurrence : ALL ORGANISMS
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13
Q

State monomer, polymer, bond, occurrence for BIOMOLECULE PROTEIN

A
  1. Monomer: Amino acid
  2. POLYMER: Protein
  3. Bond: PEPTIDE/ polypeptide
  4. Occurrence: in all organisms!!!
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14
Q

A triglyceride is formed from :

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid tails

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15
Q

The three tails of a triglyceride are all

A

HYDROPHOBIC

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16
Q

What makes lipid UNSATURATED??

A

Carbon- carbon double bonds

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17
Q

Why are some lipids liquid???

A

Because molecules cannot pack tightly!!!

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18
Q

Difference between Amylose and amylopectin

A

AMYLOSE- single branch

AMYLOPECTIN: multiple branch

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19
Q

What linkages in amylose, amylopectin and glycogen have?

A

AMYLOSE: 1,4- linkage

AMYLOPECTIN AND glycogen : 1,4 & 1,6 linkage

20
Q

Hydrolysis of polysaccharides can form monosaccharides for releasing energy. Which one ( amylose, amylopectin, glycogen)

A

Glycogen (MANY BRANCHES) would be quickest to release energy because it has more branches (surface area) allowing for hydrolysis to occur more thus faster.

21
Q

Where is glycogen found and what is its function. What does it look like

A

Glycogen has more branches than amylopectin. It’s function is for energy storage.

22
Q

What is function of cellulose

A

Structural support ( in cell wall)

Looks like
P:
------
------
------
23
Q

What two groups are in an a,into acid group???

A
  1. AMINO group (h-N-h)

2. Acid group (0=c-o-H)

24
Q

When two amino acids are joined together by condensation reaction, they form

A

DIPEPTIDE BOND

25
Q

If This amino acid cannot be synthesised in our body and has to be acquired by ingestion, then it is an

A

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID

26
Q

An amino acid can form ZWITTERION which bears a -&+ charge.
Z can be formed by donating its acidic hydrogen to amino group.

WHAT DIES IT LOOK LIKE????

A

HORIZONTAL: (NH+3) - C - (COO-)

Vertical: R-C-H

27
Q

What is the biological significance for amino acid being a ZWITTERION

A

It can function like a buffer, donating H+ ions in alkaline solutions and accepting H+ ions in acidic solutions

28
Q

Proteins have diff structures stabilised by diff bonds and interactions. Label!!!!

A
  1. PRIMARY: ( linear chain)
  2. SECONDARY: a- helix/ b-pleated sheet (short wiggle)
  3. TERTIARY: 3D structure stabilised by ionic, hydrogen, disulfur and hydrophobic interactions more wiggles) 1 chain of polypeptide
  4. QUATERNEY: 2 chains of polypeptide!!

4

29
Q

Label diff bonds in tertiary structure of protein

A
  1. HPHOBIC: - ch3 (valine)
  2. H-BOND: -OH (serine)
  3. DISULPHATE: : -SH (cytesine)
  4. IONIC: O=C-O (aspartate)
30
Q

What two groups is in monomer of DNA strand???

A
  1. P: phosphate group

2. S: pentose sugars/ deoxyribose

31
Q

What is bond in DNA

A

Hydrogen bond

32
Q

In bacterial genome, cytosine contributes to 22% of total number of nitrogenous bases in its double stair and DNA.
BASED on this info, what is % of guanine, adenine, thymine and uracil in this DNA? Present in table:

A
  1. GUANINE:22% (cytosine 22%)
  2. ADENINE AND THYMINE 28%
  3. Uracil: 0%
33
Q

Number of strands in DNA and RNA

A

DNA:2

RNA :1

34
Q

Function DNA

A

DNA is he genetic material in cell. It can direct the protein synthesis

35
Q

Function RNA

A
  1. tRNA: to take up AMINO ACIDS in cytoplasm for protein synthesis
  2. mRNA: to TRANSFER genetic info from DNA to the ribosomes for translation
  3. rRNA: as a component of RIBOSOMES for protein synthesis
36
Q

Label diagram of phospholipid bilayer

A
  1. PB
  2. Protein channel
  3. Protein
    4, HPHILLIC heads
  4. HPHOBIC tails
37
Q

Why is phospholipid bilayer arranged like that???

A

Based on like dissolve like principle, phospholipids are oriented in such a way that hydrophilic heads are exposed to fluid ( cytoplasm), whilst hydrophobic tails face inwards, away from fluid contact

38
Q

Why is membrane FLUID AND MOSAIC in nature???

A

FLUID: proteins and phospholipid moves laterally

MOSAIC: proteins are scattered across membrane

39
Q

Give two examples to show that membrane being fluid is important to cell functioning:

A
  1. For cell growth
  2. For cell sealing ( ends and exocytosis)

Or
Cell division
Or phagocytosis

40
Q

A student extracted protein by homogenising a small piece of liver with cold phosphate buffer. Explain why extracting protein requires COLD BUFFER

A

Cold: low temperature can prevent enzymes from denaturation

BUFFER: resist the. Hangs in pH, prevent enzymes from denaturation

41
Q

Based on equation H2PO-4 H+ + HPO2-4. The H2-PO-4 is a

A

WEAK ACID BECAUSE!!
ACIDIC: There is more [h+] than [OH-] and

WEAK: does not dissociate completely (

42
Q

A 10 cm long potato chip was placed in sugar solution . It’s length was measured in regular intervals over period 3 hours. Length decreased. EXPLAIN the change (3 points) of potatoo chip in first hour.

And WHY WAS THERE NO CHANGE IN LENGTH DURING (2.5-3.0 hour)????

A
  1. REGION OF HIGHER WATER CONC: POTATO CELLS!!
  2. Direction of net water movement : POTATO CELLS–> water
  3. Resulting cell appearance of potatoes: PLASMOLYSIS
    2) no change in length because process reached equilibrium
43
Q

The supermarket : lettuce and other produce is often sprayed with water. Per plain why this makes vegetables crisp. (3 points)

A
  1. Region of higher [water]: WATER
  2. Direction of NET water movement : water —> plants
  3. Resulting cell appearance in lettuce: TURGENT
44
Q

CANNOT pass through membrane

A
  1. Haemoglobin (4 polypeptide chain)
  2. Glycogen

large molecules can’t pass

45
Q

2 subs Can pass through membrane via phospholipid ( straight away)

A 
1. Alcohol (non polar)
2 oxygen ( small)
46
Q

3 subs require protein to pass membrane

A
  1. Carbon dioxide
  2. Sodium ion
  3. Water

Biology (25 decks)

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