Middle/Late Childhood—Socioemotional Development Flashcards
Describe an activity a child of middle childhood age might engage in that demonstrates the concept of industry (Erikson’s fourth stage).
building a model airplane, constructing a tree house, fixing a bicycle, solving an addition problem, or cooking
Describe Kohlberg’s morality theory regarding preconventional reasoning
Broken up into two stages
Stage 1: Heteronomous Morality; Children obey because adults tell them to obey, fear of punishment
Stage 2: Individualism, Instrumental Purpose, and Exchange; Individuals pursue their own interests and let others do the same, what is right involves equal exchange.
Describe Kohlberg’s morality theory regarding conventional reasoning
Stage 3. Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity is Kohlberg’s third stage of moral development. At this stage, individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgments. Children and adolescents often adopt their parents’ moral standards at this stage, seeking to be thought of by their parents as a “good girl” or a “good boy.”
• Stage 4. Social systems morality is the fourth stage in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. At this stage, moral judgments are based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty. For example, adolescents may reason that in order for a community to work effectively, it needs to be protected by laws that are adhered to by its members.
Describe Kohlberg’s morality theory regarding postconventional reasoning
Stage 5. Social contract or utility and individual rights is the fifth Kohlberg stage. At this stage, individuals reason that values, rights, and principles undergird or transcend the law. A person evaluates the validity of actual laws and examines social systems in terms of the degree to which they preserve and protect fundamental human rights and values.
• Stage 6. Universal ethical principles is the sixth and highest stage in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. At this stage, the person has developed a moral standard based on universal human rights. When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, the person will follow conscience, even though the decision might involve personal risk.
How do children’s ability to cope with stress and express emotion change?
Older children generate more coping alternatives to stressful conditions and use more cognitive coping strategies (Saarni & others, 2006). They are better than younger children at intentionally shifting their thoughts to something that is less stressful and at reframing, or changing their perception of a stressful situation. For example, younger children may be very disappointed that their teacher did not say hello to them when they arrived at school. Older children may reframe this type of situation and think, “She may have been busy with other things and just forgot to say hello.”
How does the parent-child relationship change as children move into middle and later childhood? (Think about how much time is spent and how the time is spent.)
As children move into the middle and late childhood years, parents spend considerably less time with them, but “Parents serve as gatekeepers and provide scaffolding as children assume more responsibility for themselves and . . . regulate their own lives”
What is meant by the constructivist approach to education?
a learner-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher. In the constructivist view, teachers should not attempt to simply pour information into children’s minds. Rather, children should be encouraged to explore their world, discover knowledge, reflect, and think critically with careful monitoring and meaningful guidance from the teacher
Describe the difference between a fixed and a growth mindset.
(1) a fixed mindset, in which they believe that their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change; or (2) a growth mindset, in which they believe their qualities can change and improve through their effort.
