Early Childhood: Psychosocial Development Flashcards
Explain the evolutionary view for gender role acquisition:
adaptation during human evolution produced psychological differences between males and females (Brooker & others, 2015; Buss, 2012). Because of their differing roles in reproduction, males and females faced differing pressures when the human species was evolving. In particular, because having multiple sexual liaisons improves the likelihood that males will pass on their genes, natural selection favored males who adopted short-term mating strategies. These are strategies that allow a male to win the competition with other males for sexual access to females. Therefore, say evolutionary psychologists, males evolved dispositions that favor violence, competition, and risk taking.
Explain the social role theory for gender role acquisition:
gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men. In most cultures around the world, women have less power and status than men, and they control fewer resources (UNICEF, 2011). Compared with men, women perform more domestic work, spend fewer hours in paid employment, receive lower pay, and are more thinly represented in the highest levels of organizations. In Eagly’s view, as women adapted to roles with less power and less status in society, they showed more cooperative, less dominant profiles than men. Thus, the social hierarchy and division of labor are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing.
Explain the psychoanalytic theory for gender role acquisition:
stems from Freud’s view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. This is the process known as the Oedipus (for boys) or Electra (for girls) complex. At 5 or 6 years of age, the child renounces this attraction because of anxious feelings. Subsequently, the child identifies with the same-sex parent, unconsciously adopting the same-sex parent’s characteristics.
Explain the social cognitive theory for gender role acquisition:
children’s gender development occurs through observing and imitating what other people say and do, and through being rewarded and punished for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior
What are the 4 main parenting styles?
Authoritative, Authoritarian, Indulgent/permissive, Neglectful
Describe Authoritative parenting style and give and example:
encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturing toward the child.
An authoritative parent might put his arm around the child in a comforting way and say, “You know you should not have done that. Let’s talk about how you can handle the situation better next time.”
Describe Authoritarian parenting style and give and example:
restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort. The authoritarian parent places firm limits and controls on the child and allows little verbal exchange.
You do as I say or else, bottom line I’m in charge
Describe Indulgent/permissive parenting style and give and example:
parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them. Such parents let their children do what they want. As a result, the children never learn to control their own behavior and always expect to get their way.
never saying no to your child. Average millennial parent right now.
Describe Neglectful parenting style and give and example:
parent is uninvolved in the child’s life.
put children away and have nothing to do with them
Explain physical abuse:
characterized by the infliction of physical injury as a result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, shaking, or otherwise harming a child.
Explain Child neglect:
characterized by failure to provide for the child’s basic needs
Explain sexual abuse:
fondling a child’s genitals, intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism, and commercial exploitation through prostitution or the production of pornographic materials
Explain emotional abuse:
includes acts or omissions by parents or other caregivers that have caused, or could cause, serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems
What type of child maltreatment is most common?
child neglect
What are the developmental consequences of child maltreatment?
poor emotion regulation, attachment problems, problems in peer relations, difficulty in adapting to school, and other psychological problems such as depression and delinquency, more likely to experience physical ailments, mental illness, and sexual problems
