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history > middle ages #1 - #5 > Flashcards

middle ages #1 - #5 Flashcards

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1
Q

fief

A

granted land

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2
Q

vassal

A

the person receiving the fief

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3
Q

serfs

A

people who could not lawfully leave the place where they were born

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4
Q

tithe

A

church tax

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5
Q

monasteries

A

religious communities built by the church

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6
Q

papacy

A

pope’s office

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7
Q

secular

A

power involved in politics

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8
Q

sagas

A

collection of stories about the lives of early nordic and germanic people

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9
Q

eddas

A

collection of myths, legends, and poetry about norse gods and their enemies

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10
Q

clergy

A

bishops and priests who fall under the pope’s authority

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11
Q

sacraments

A

important religious ceremonies

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12
Q

canon law

A

church law, code of conduct

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13
Q

holy roman empire

A

german-italian empire created by otto i

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14
Q

lay investiture

A

when kings and nobles appoint church officials

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15
Q

lombard league

A

alliance of merchants

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16
Q

interdict/excommunication

A

a sentence from the church forbidding someone from participating in church services (sacraments etc.)

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17
Q

simony

A

the buying and selling of church positions

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18
Q

franks

A
  • germanic people
  • settled along the rhine river
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19
Q

charles matel (the hammer)

A
  • mayor of the palace
  • reunited all frankish rulers
  • battle of tours, defeated arabs and berbers
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20
Q

clovis

A
  • ruled during the merovingian dynasty
  • united the franks
  • capital in paris
  • admired romans
  • converted to christianity
  • supported by romans
  • had priests in the government
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21
Q

pope gregory i

A
  • made the church religious and political
  • strengthened the vision of a christendom (churchly kingdom)
  • used church revenues to:
    • raise armies
    • repair roads
    • help the poor
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22
Q

pepin the short

A
  • first ruler of the carlingian dynasty
  • defeated the lambords (threat to the pope)
    • donation of pepin
  • became the first king to be anointed by the pope
  • after his death, the empire split into two
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23
Q

charle magne (charles the great)

A
  • two goals, unite western europe and set up a christian kingdom
  • ruled from aachen
  • waged wars against lombards, saxons, and muslims
  • strong ties between church and government
  • traveled empire to gain loyalty
  • laws in empire
24
Q

franks - decline of the empire

A
  • division weakened empire
  • heirs were weak rulers
    • charlemeagne crowned his only surviving son, louis pious
      • religious man
      • ineffective ruler
    • louis pious’s three sons fight for the throne
    • treaty of verdun
      • split the empire into three kingdoms among louis pious’s three sons (charlemagne’s grandsons)
  • lost power and central authority
25
Q

vikings - fjord

A
  • a long, narrow, deep river of the sea between high cliffs
  • typically in norway and iceland
26
Q

viking age

A
  • homeland: scandinavia
    • denmark
    • sweden
    • norway
  • primarilytraveled by boat
    • knarr: merchant ship
    • langskip: warship
27
Q

vikings - social structure

A
  1. jarls: aristocracy(upper class, military chiefs, nobles)
  2. karls: freemen, landowners, farmers, peasants
  3. thralls: slaves
28
Q

vikings - men

A
  • warriors, banzerkers
  • farm, fish, hunt
  • boys learned to fight
29
Q

vikings - women

A
  • took care of household
  • spinning, weaving, sewing
  • encouraged battles
30
Q

vikings - religion

A
  • gods, goddesses, giants
  • valhalla
    • those who die in battle enter valhalla
    • feast and fight forever
  • eventually converted to christianity
31
Q

vikings - language

A
  • language depends on where they lived
  • written language called runes
32
Q

vikings - rollo

A
  • the first ruler of the normady
    • head of a viking army
  • charles granted rollo a huge piece of french territory (normady)
    • rollo pledge loyalty to the king
33
Q

eric the red

A
  • most likely earned his name because of his hair and beard
  • a viking explorer
  • discovered greenland
34
Q

leif ericson

A
  • a viking explorer
  • discovered north america (before columbus)
35
Q

feudalism - social structure

A
  1. monarch
  2. high lord
  3. vassals
  4. knights
  5. peasant, serfs
36
Q

feudalism - monarch/king

A
  • king depends on the nobles for food and soldiers, nobles became more powerful than the king
37
Q

feudalism - high lords

A
  • gained rights to collect taxes, make and enforce laws, raised armies, and coined their own money
    • controlled food supply
    • protected the vassal and his family
      • justice in his court settled disputes
38
Q

feudalism - vassals

A
  • oath of fealty
    - in promise to not harm the lord and damage the property
    • received fief from the lord, governed the people who lived on the land
    • provided military service, and knights, gave entertainment to his lord
    • also paid taxes
    • would serve a lord’s prison time or pay the ransom
39
Q

feudalism - knights

A
  • code of chivalry
    - behavior guide for good manners
    • obey his lord
    • show bravery
    • respect women of noble birth
    • honor the church
    • be honest, fight fairly
    • rewarded with land and money
40
Q

feudalism - peasant and serfs

A
  • paid taxes to use mill and bakery, paid a tithe to the priest
    • lived in crowded cottages
    • raised crops and livestock
    • poor diet, illness, life expectancy is thirty-five
    • soap, broom, containers
    • in return get land to work, shelter, protection
    • accepted hardships and hard life because they believed it was what god had intended for them
41
Q

feudalism - manor system/manorialism

A
  • economic system tied to feudalism
  • based upon fief
42
Q

feudalism - manor

A

the land and everything on it

  • defines wealth of the middle ages
  • self-sufficient community
43
Q

knights - code of chivalry

A
  • a set of ideals
  • demanded that a knight fight bravely in defense of three masters: feudal lord, heavenly lord, and chosen lady
44
Q

knights - tournaments

A
  • mock battles
  • fierce and bloody competitions
  • winners could demand large ransom from defeated knights
45
Q

knights - page

A
  • age seven: live with the noble family
    - often his father’s lord
    • serves with other young boys
    • run errands and acts as a servant. learns to ride a horse
      • shadow the knight
    • learn good manners and social skills (chivalry). obedient to the lord and lady
    • taught to read and write; focused on love, musical training, religion
    • physical activities
      • strength
46
Q

knights - squire

A
  • age fourteen: intensified training
    • a ceremony: exchanged a dagger for a sword
    • continue to ride and care for horses
    • hunting and falconry
    • practicing with weapons
    • took care of lord’s armor and followed him to battle
47
Q

knights - armiger

A
  • age twenty-one: end of squire stage
    • represents entry yo manhood
    • could now fight in battle
    • symbolic ceremony (dubbing)
    • oath of loyalty
48
Q

church - social structure

A
  1. pope
  2. high church officials
  3. priests
  4. lay people, followers
49
Q

power of the medieval church

A
  • church controlled 1/3 of the land in western europe
  • tried to curb feudal warfare, only allowing knights to go to war for forty days
  • curb heresies, crusades and inquisition
  • tithe
  • peters penance, paid by peasants
  • canon laws, laws of the church
50
Q

church authority

A
  • believe people are sinners, go to hell
  • the only way to avoid hell was to participate in seven sacraments
  • church decides who can participate
  • absolute power to religious life
51
Q

medievalchurch and reform

A
  • success brings problems, as wealth increases, discipline decreases
  • problems:
    • clergy is worldly (politics)
    • should be heavenly
    • living in luxury
    • should help the poor, donation
    • monks and nuns ignore vows
    • marriage of priests
    • marriage of priests
52
Q

otto i

A
  • most effective ruler of medieval germany
  • followed policies of charlemagne
    • invaded italy on pope’s behalf
      • pope crowned him emperor
    • close alliance to the church
    • sought help from clergy to limit noble’s strength
    • built-up power base by gaining support of the bishops and abbots (head of monasteries)
    • used power to defeat german princes
  • created the holy roman empire
    • caused trouble for german leaders
    • popes and italian nobles resented german power over italy
53
Q

pope gregory vii

A
  • banned lay investiture because it caused corruption in the church
    • church informers believed kings should not have the power to appoint church officals
  • henry iv ordered gregory vii to step down from papacy
    • he excommunicated henry iv
      • german bishops and princes sided with gregory vii
54
Q

henry iv

A
  • young, german emperor
  • ordered gregory vii to step down from papacy
  • tried to win pope’s forgiveness after being excommunicated
    • traveled to canossa (somewhere in italy)
    • begged in the snow for three days until gregory vii ended his excommunication
55
Q

church - lay investiture

A
  • successors of greory vii and henry iv continue to fight over lay investiture
  • representatives of church and emperor meet in worms
  • concodat of worms
    • the church appoints bishops, but the emperor can veto
    • compromise by the church and emperor
56
Q

battle of legnano

A
  • frederick kept invading rich cities of italy and bothering italian merchants because he wants their wealth
    • angered the pope
  • battle between lombard league (church and merchants) and frederick’s army (knights)
  • lombard league wins
  • frederick made peace with pope and returned to germany
    • defeat undermined authority with german princes

history (15 decks)

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