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china and japan study guide Flashcards

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1
Q

loess

A

deposited fertile soil when river overflows

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2
Q

oracle bones

A

animal bones and tortoise shells on which priests would scratch questions for the gods

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3
Q

mandate of heaven

A

god’s divine approval for a ruler to rule

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4
Q

dynastic cycle

A

the pattern of rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties

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5
Q

filial piety

A

he practice of respect for their parents and ancestors

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6
Q

yin and yang

A

two powers that together represent the natural rhythms of life, balances, universal opposites

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7
Q

china - geographical features and environmental challenges

A
  • natural barriers isolated ancient china from other civilizations
    • yellow sea, east china sea, pacific ocean
    • plateau of tibet, mongolian plateau, himalayas
    • gobi desert, taklimakan desert
    • huange he
    • yangtze
  • huang he sometimes flooded and can be disastrous
  • geographical isolations had early settlers supply their own goods rather than trading
  • their geographical features didn’t stop multiple invasions
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8
Q

china - settlements

A
  • farming settlements along the huang he
  • the settlements grew into cities
  • houses, palaces, and tombs are mostly made out of wood
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9
Q

china - social classes

A
  1. nobles
  2. artisans
  3. merchants
  4. peasants
  • noble families owned land
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10
Q

china- role of family

A
  • central to chinese society
  • respect to parents
  • older man controlled family’s property and made important decisions
  • women were expected to obey fathers, husbands, older sons
    • hoped to improve status by bearing sons
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11
Q

china - religious beliefs

A
  • spirits of family ancestors had the power to bring good fortune or disaster to living family members
  • paid respect to ancestors and made sacrifices
  • consulted gods through oracle bones
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12
Q

china - writing system

A
  • no link between spoken language and written language
  • people in all parts can learn the same system of writing even if the spoken language is different
  • helped unify, easier control
  • noble learned to write, peasants could not
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13
Q

china - technological advances

A
  • roads, canals
  • coined money
  • bronze
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14
Q

china - artistry

A
  • caligraphy
  • pottery (bronze)
  • embroidery
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15
Q

confucianism founder

A

confucius

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16
Q

confucianism social order

A
  • should be based on five basic relationships
    1. ruler and subject
    2. father and son
    3. husband and wife
    4. older brother and younger brother
    5. friend and friends
  • filial piety is important
    • respect for elders and parents
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17
Q

confucianism government

A
  • rulers should practice kindness and virtuous living
  • subjects should be loyal and law-abiding
  • civil service forms a stronger government
  • a king should be based on status, age, and gender to form a strong society
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18
Q

confucianism principles

A
  1. rites and rules (appropriate behavior)
  2. compassion for others, humanity
  3. empathy (understanding feelings for others)
  4. righteousness (being morally right)
  5. filial piety (respect for elders)
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19
Q

the four virtues (gentleman)

A
  1. courteousness: private life, respect, consideration
  2. precise: serving master, following rules
  3. providing: give more than due
  4. just: fair, morally right, in service for the people
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20
Q

mencius

A
  • disciple of confucius
  • if someone does something bad, education, not punishment, is the answer
    • good people will mend their ways to inherit goodness
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21
Q

daoism

A
  • founder: laozi
  • the ruler should feed and take care of his people, ruler should have knowledge
  • empty minds and healthy bodies, people have no motivation or desires
  • wealth and material comfort confuse the people who might desire them
  • happiness and security are deprived by a lack of desire
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22
Q

daoism order and government

A
  • natural order is more important than social order
  • government is an unnatural order
  • ideal government is one that governs the least
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23
Q

daoism universal force and harmony

A
  • universal force guides all things
  • humans should live simply and in harmony with nature
  • relations among all living things
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24
Q

daoist principles

A
  1. dao (nature) is the first cause of the universe, it is a force that flows through all life (keep bellies full and minds empty)
  2. believer’s goal is to become one with the dao, don’t fight nature, and embrace it
  3. man is unhappy because he lives according to man-made laws, customs, and traditions that are contrary to the ways of nature
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25
Q

to escape the “social, political, and cultural traps” of life, one must escape by:

A
  1. rejecting formal knowledge
  2. rely on senses and instincts
  3. discovering nature and ways of the universe
  4. ignoring political and social law
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26
Q

legalism

A
  • founder: han feizi, li si
  • legalism became the political philosophy of the qin
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27
Q

legalism social order

A
  • punishments are used to maintain social order
  • government should use the law to restore harmony
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28
Q

legalism government

A
  • believed in a highly efficient and powerful government
  • rulers should provide rewards to those who do their jobs well
  • the disobedient should be punished
  • ideas should be strictly controlled by the government
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29
Q

legalism principles

A
  1. human nature is naturally selfish
  2. intellectualism and literacy are discouraged
  3. law is the supreme authority and replaces morality
  4. ruler must rule with a strong harsh hand
  5. war is the means of strengthening ruler’s power
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30
Q

shang dynasty achievements/advances

A
  • wheeled chariots
  • writing system
  • written records
  • bronze casting
  • calender
  • pottery - kaolin (white clay)
  • jade
  • irrigation system
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31
Q

shang dynasty downfall

A
  • nomads attack/invade
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32
Q

zhou dynasty achievements/advances

A
  • longest lasting
  • roads and canals
  • coins
  • furnaces, iron tools
  • calvary
  • art and literature (first book)
  • experts at silk making
  • established a feudal society
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33
Q

zhou dyanasty downfall

A
  • civil war
    powerful states challenge
  • nomads invade
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34
Q

qin dynasty achievements/advances

A
  • roads and canals
  • building the great wall
  • irrigation project
  • standardized weights and measures, coinage, laws, and writing system
  • axle wheels
  • unified China, first emperor
  • terracotta army
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35
Q

qin dynasty downfall

A
  • peasants uprising
  • after the ruler died, within four years they were overthrown
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36
Q

sui dynasty achievements/advances

A
  • constructed the grand canal
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37
Q

sui dynasty downfall

A
  • people were overworked and overtaxed
  • failed invasions
  • ruler was killed in a rebellion
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38
Q

tang dynasty achievements/advances

A
  • imperial examination system (confucianism)
  • spread of buddhism
  • reestablished safety on silk roads
  • foreign relations and trade (korea, japan, persia)
  • pottery became popular
  • established tributary states
  • tea from southeast asia
  • continued grand canal
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39
Q

tang dynasty downfall

A
  • northern tribes
  • rebels attack
  • famine
  • corruption
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40
Q

song dynasty achievements/advances

A
  • paper money
  • landscape paintings
  • moveable type
  • mathematics, arithmetics and algebra
  • magnetic compass
  • agriculture, gave land to lower class
  • rice
41
Q

song dynasty downfall

A
  • mongols conquered, overthrew
42
Q

yuan dynasty achievements/advances

A
  • united china
  • postal/mail routes
  • passports (medallions)
  • coal
43
Q

yuan dynasty downall

A
  • following the death of kublai khan
  • rebellion army drove monogolsout of china
44
Q

ming dynasty achievements/advances

A

(basically everything under hongwu)

  • korea and southeast asia paid tribute
  • revived civil service exams (confucian values)
  • code of laws (no longer following mongolian laws)
  • agriculture reforms
    ◦ increased rice production
    ◦ improved irrigation(more crops)
    ◦ fish farming
  • new section of great canal
  • seven voyages
  • the forbidden city
45
Q

ming dynasty downfall

A
  • isolation
  • government corruption
  • high taxes
  • peasant uprising
46
Q

qin dynasty

A
  • established china’s first empire
  • shi huang di - legalist ruler
  • autocracy
  • 36 commanderies (counties)
    • centralizes control, imperial overseer
    • bureaucratic administration
    • military expansion
    • book burning, targeted confucianists
47
Q

liu bang

A
  • han dynasty
  • established a centralized government to destroy rival king’s power
  • departed from shi huang di’s strict rule
    • lowered taxes
    • softened punishments
48
Q

empress lu

A
  • han dynasty
  • was a strict and cruel ruler
    • tried to be more lenient to stay in power and have support
  • stayed in control by naming one of her infants as emperor
49
Q

wu di

A
  • han dynasty
  • considered the best ruler
  • expanded the empire through war
  • employed more than 130,000 people into the civil service
  • started public schools
  • colonized places (manchuria, korea, vietnam)
  • established a bureaucracy, confucian scholars
  • revival (restored) chinese landscape paintings
50
Q

wang mang

A
  • han dynasty
  • minted new money
  • helped feed the poor
  • redistributed land to the poor
  • supplied money to economy
51
Q

china - civil service exam

A
  • knowledge of confucianism
  • ability to write
  • five studies:
    1. military strategy
    2. civil law
    3. revenue and taxation
    4. agriculture and geography
52
Q

social structure during the tang and song

A
  1. emperor
  2. officials
  3. gentry
    • newer and larger upper-class
    • gained status through education and civil service (unlike the early days were it was based on land)
  4. middle class (merchants, artisans)
  5. peasants, soldiers, slaves
  • confucian scholars put peasants above merchants because they produced goods and farmed for the economy, while merchants sold other’s goods
53
Q

wu zhao

A
  • the first female ruler who ruled alone (during the tang
  • buddhism was the favored religion so she built many buddhist temples
  • appointed cruel ministers to seek out her enemies

gained power and support by:

  • helping the poor
  • creating a fake prophecy
  • creating a fake petition
  • removed corrupt officials
  • framed the empress and got her removed
54
Q

foot binding

A
  • started during the tang
  • used to keep women subordinate
  • men believed it was attractive to have small feet
  • upper-class girls
    • lower class had to work
  • would decrease their role in society
55
Q

mongols

A
  • nomadic clans people
  • fierce warriors who admired bravery
  • greatest skill in horsemanship
  • from the steppe (dry, grassy plains of central asia
56
Q

khanates

A
  • khanate of the great khan (mongolia and china)
  • khanate of the chagatai (central asia)
  • ilkhanate (persia)
  • khante of the golden horde (russia)

the khanates eventually split up because of the cultural differences and religion

57
Q

genghis khan (temujin)

A
  • “universal ruler”
  • united the mongols
  • army of calvary (soldiers on horses)
  • used tricks and cruelty to conquer and defeat his enemies
58
Q

ogadai

A
  • genghis khan’s most successful son
  • succeeded his father as the second great khan of the mongol empire
59
Q

kublai khan

A
  • genghis khan’s grandson
  • defeats song dynasty
  • sets up yuan dynasty
  • tolerated chinese culture, but lived separately
  • no chinese in top government positions
  • encouraged foreign trade
  • pax mongolica
60
Q

yuan dynasty

A
  • the black plague
  • sent troop againstjapan
  • defeatedby kamikaze “wind of the gods”
  • kublai khan experienced several defeats in southeast asia
61
Q

pax mongolica

A
  • political stability
  • safer on silk roads
  • goods, ideas, and innovations spread
  • chinese advances (tang+ song)
62
Q

marco polo

A
  • venetian merchant (italian)
  • traveled through yuan
  • spreaded stories about coal, gunpowder
63
Q

hong wu

A

son of a peasant and commanded a rebel army that drove the mongols out of china

  • erased mongol past
  • korea and southeast asia paid tribute
  • not allow outsidersto threaten peace and prosperity (the great wall)
  • revived civil service exams (confucian values)
  • code of laws (no longer following mongolian laws)
  • agriculture reforms
    • increased rice production
    • improved irrigation(more crops)
    • fish farming
  • new section of great canal
64
Q

yong le

A
  • son of hong wu (successor)
65
Q

forbidden city palace

A
  • home of ruler, family, advisors, servants
  • commoners and foreigners were forbidden to enter
66
Q

zheng he

A
  • ming “treasure fleet”
  • chinese muslim admiral
  • led the seven voyages
    • southeast asia to eastern africa
    • distributed gifts everywhere he went
67
Q

japan - archipelago

A
  • chain of islands
  • most people settle in narrow valleys, and much of the land is too mountainous to farm
68
Q

japan - four main islands

A
  • hokkaido
  • honshu
  • kyushu
  • shikoku
69
Q

japan - ring of fire

A
  • a region very frequent to earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis
70
Q

japan - role of sea

A
  • both protected and isolated japan
    • close enough to learn from korea and china
    • far enough for china to not conquer
  • freedom to accept and reject chinese influences
  • provided trade routes and a fishing economy, inland sea is important link between japanese islands
71
Q

japan - korean bridge

A
  • language, writing
  • buddhism
  • japanese interest in china
72
Q

japan - feudalism

A
  • a political system where a king grants nobles use of his lands in exchange for their loyalty, military assistance, and services
  • in japan, the king was replaced by a shogun and nobles were replaced by daimyos
  • many different clans ruled parts of japan
    • prevented the establishment of a centralized government, the country was not united
    • clans often fought one another, so historians say that japan never had a true golden age
73
Q

japan - chinese influences

A
  • buddhism
  • artistic styles
  • simple acts of living
    • writing
    • art
    • landscape paintings
    • cooking
    • gardening
    • tea
    • hairdressing
  • early government (strong central control, civil service system)
74
Q

japan - shinto

A
  • japan’s earliest religion, “the way of the gods”
  • worshiped forces of nature, kami (sacred powers viewed as original ancestors), divine nature spirits, ancestor spirits
  • never evolved into an international religion
75
Q

japan - social structure

A
  1. emperor
    • highest rank
    • mythical figurehead
    • reigned but did not always rule (puppet)
  2. shogun
    • military commander distributed land to daimyos
    • the actual ruler
  3. daimyo (lords, nobles)
    • warrior lords
    • head of great noble families
    • served the shogun
    • controlled land estates (governers)
    • granted land to lesser warriors (samurai)
  4. samurai
    • those who serve
    • lesser warroir, loyal to daimyo
    • fighting aristocracy
    • controlled tracts of land
    • lived by strict warrior code, code of bushido
      • “the way of warrior”
      • emphasizes bravery, honor, and absolute authority to one’s daimyo
      • if betray bushido, expected to commit seppuku
  5. peasants (peasants and artisans are on the same level)
    • 3/4 of population
    • worked the fields, fished
    • could become ninjas
  6. artisans
    • make swords and armor
  7. merchants
    • low status, but gradually gains influence
76
Q

japan - women

A
  • position declines during samurai age
  • inheritance limited to sons
  • wives must accept the hardships of their husbands and owe loyalty to the overlord
77
Q

japan - slaves

A

eta
- hereditary slaves
- prisoner of war
- criminals
- worst jobs (burying the dead)

genin
- unable to pay taxes

78
Q

shogunates in order

A
  1. kamakura
  2. ashikaga
  3. tokugawa
79
Q

yamato period 300ce - 710ce

A
  • japan’s first and only dynasty
  • yamato clan had established itself as japan’s leading clan (uji)
    • uji: one of japan’s clans, each with its own special god or goddess
  • yamato clan claimed to be descended from the sun goddess, amaterasu (rising sun)
  • yamato cheifs calls themselves the emperors of japan, and the people gradually accepted it
  • the yamato dynasty lacked real power but was never overthrown
  • japan starts adopting chinese culture
80
Q

heian period 794ce - 1156ce

A
  • a period of great cultural development
  • highly refined court society among the upper class
  • imperial court and many japan’s noble families moved to heian
  • moved away from chinese models in art, literature, and government
  • flourishing art and literature (poetry and painting)
  • elaborate court life, emphasis on rules and etiquette
  • works of literature
    • personal diaries by sei shonagon (the pillow book, diary of lady murasaki)
  • a strong central government
81
Q

ashikaga age

A
  • fought for power
  • laws are unclear
  • less effient than the kamakura
82
Q

age of the warring states

A
  • castles built in provinces (tokugawa)
  • power shift from above to below (upper class are losing power, merchants gain power)
  • europeans (portugese) introduced christianty and gunpowder
  • chirstianty and foreign trade flourished
  • growth of cities and towns
83
Q

oda nobunaga

A
  • banished the last ashikaga shogun, overthrowing the ashikaga shogunate
  • unified a large part of japan
84
Q

toyotomi hideyoshi

A
  • nobunaga’s best general
  • controlled most of japan by using force and political alliances
  • tried to invade korea twice
  • became suspicious of european territorial ambitions
  • ordered european missionaries expelled from japan
  • issued many edicts
85
Q

tokugawa shogunate period

A
  • 200 years of peace
  • four-class system with restricted marriage of the same class
  • domestic trade flourished
  • town and castles increased
  • merchantsbecome rich
  • new art becomes popular
  • traditional culture thrived
86
Q

tokugawa ieyasu

A
  • powerful daimyo
  • became sole shogun
  • established the tokugawa shogunate
  • united japan by defeating his rivals at the battle of sekigahara
  • moved capital to edo (tokyo)
87
Q

closed country policy

A
  • did not like foreign ideas/influences
  • isolation
  • japan closed off all trade (except dutch and chinese)
  • one port open, nagasaki
  • profitable foreign trade
  • christianswere persecuted, christianity is forbidden
88
Q

alternate attendancepolicy

A
  • during tokugawa shogunate
  • help maintain the loyalty of daimyo, and ensure nobody rebelled
  • daimyo required to stay in the capital (edo) every other year
  • the family stayed in the capital, basically held hostage
  • helped restore centralizedgovernment and law
89
Q

han dynasty achievements/advances

A
  • silk road ties china to rome
  • established silk road
  • civil service
  • expanded territory
  • paper
  • written laws
  • schools
  • pax sinica (wu di)
  • iron
  • ship building
90
Q

china - origin of silk

A
  • empress si lingqi
  • she discovered cocoons on mulberry trees
    • the cocoons were easier to unravel when soaked in boiling water
    • the insect inside had to be killed
    • one cocoon alone is too delicated to be woven, three - four cocoons at a time
  • women of the imperial palace would care for the milk worms
  • they kept the secret and made huge profits selling silk
91
Q

china - bureaucracy

A
  • a trained civil service (those who run the government), emphasized by education and setting a good example (being virtuous)
92
Q

china - bronze work

A
  • the shang were notable for their bronze casting, used to make works of art and coinage and also for religious purposes.
93
Q

china - autocracy

A
  • a government in which the ruler has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary way
  • shi huangdi established an autocratic government with his rule over the qin dynasty
94
Q

china - assimilation

A
  • the process of making conquered peoples part of chinese culture
  • promoted by the han government
    • sending farmers from china to settle in newly colonized areas
    • encouraging intermarriage
    • setting up schools to train people in the confucian philosophy and then appointing local scholars to government posts
95
Q

china - monopoly

A
  • when a group has exclusive control over the production and distribution of certain goods
96
Q

ban zhao

A
  • chinese scholar who served as the unofficial imperial historian to the emperor
  • han dynasty
  • taught history, classical writing, astronomy, and math to the empress and her ladies-in-waiting
  • wrote lessons for women
    • advised first-century chinese women on how to behave properly
  • women should conduct themselves at home at all times
  • being humble
  • working
  • plain
  • women who did not follow her “lessons” would fall into disgrace, as they had failed to uphold their families’ honor
97
Q

haiku

A
  • under the tokugawa shogunate
  • a short lyric poem
  • five, seven, five syllables
  • japan’s most famous haiku poet: matsuo basho
98
Q

kabuki

A
  • tokugawa shogunate
  • traditional form of japanese theater
  • actors in elaborate costumes and makeup
  • music, dance, and mime
  • skits about modern and family life and grand historical events (great heroes)
  • drama

history (15 decks)

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