mid term Flashcards
1
Q
glands that aren’t included in the endocrine system
A
exocrine glands
2
Q
luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates
A
maturation of ovarian follicles and triggers ovulation
3
Q
what is not stimulated by anterior pituitary gland
A
ADH
oxytocin
4
Q
too much insulin in the blood
A
increases blood glucose
5
Q
the posterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus
A
release two hormones & produce RH and IH
6
Q
in addition to producing thyroid hormones, the thyroid gland also secretes
A
calcitonin
7
Q
adrenal medulla produces hormones that are
A
helpful in stress and fight or flight
8
Q
pineal gland produces several hormones in small quantities but most significant hormone is
A
melatonin
9
Q
what plays a critical role in the body’s defenses against infections
A
thymus
10
Q
two primary functions of the blood are
A
transportation and protection
11
Q
formed elements of blood
A
RBC (erythrocytes)
WBC (leukocytes)
platelets (thrombocytes)
12
Q
what are agranulocytes
A
macrophage
lymphocyte
13
Q
without adequate _____ in the diet, the body cannot manufacture enough hemoglobin
A
iron
14
Q
necessary for blood clotting
A
prothrombin
thrombin
fibrinogen
fibrin
platelets
15
Q
function of WBCs
A
defend the body from invading microorganisms
16
Q
blood clot that is stationary
A
thrombus
17
Q
antibody is
A
made by the body
reacts with antigen
causes antigens to agglutinate
18
Q
blood type considered universal recipient
A
AB +
19
Q
erythroblastosis fetalis is now avoidable by treating with
A
RhoGAM
20
Q
what blood type is considered universal donor
A
O-
21
Q
a blood clot that moves
A
embolus
22
Q
heart sounds are easily heard by placing a stethoscope over the
A
apex
23
Q
valve located between RA & RV
A
tricuspid AV valve
24
Q
blood rich in oxygen returns from lungs and enters LA of heart through
A
pulmonary veins
25
heart block is treated by
artificial pacemaker
26
outermost layer of the arteries and veins
tunica adentiva (externa)
27
blood pressure gradient is
keeping blood flowing
28
stroke volume refers to
blood EJECTED from ventricles
29
structural feature not present in arteries but present in veins
valves
30
what is true about both lymphatic and blood capillaries
both vessels are microscopic and formed sheets of endothelium
31
spleen
largest lymphoid organ
32
lymph nodes are responsible for
WBC formation and filtration
33
the thymus is
largest at puberty & source of lymphocytes before birth
34
active immunity occurs when
vaccination confers immunity
35
example of non specific immunity
skin & tears & mucus
36
in general, antibodies produce _____ immunity
humoral
37
endocrine system consists of glands that
release chemicals in blood
38
second messengers are important in the functioning of
non steroid hormones
39
non steroid hormones have hormone receptors in the
cell membrane
40
non steroid hormones can cause
formation of cAMP
41
steroid hormones have hormone receptors in the
nucleus
42
steroid hormones can cause
protein synthesis
43
hormones can
use positive feedback & negative feedback
44
the anterior pituitary gland is called
adenohypophysis
45
TSH
secreted by adenohypophysis & stimulates release of thyroid hormone
46
posterior pituitary gland secretes
oxytocin & ADH
47
FSH
stimulates ovarian follicles to develop
48
oxytocin
released by posterior pituitary gland
stimulates uterine contraction
uses positive feedback
49
ADH
increases amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys
50
thyroid gland
is found in the neck
51
thyroid gland produces
T3
T4
calcitonin
52
calcitonin causes
decrease in concentration of calcium
53
parathyroid hormone
increases concentration of calcium
opposite of calcitonin
54
aldosterone
mineralcorticoid
increase sodium
55
aldosterone effects mainly the
kidneys
56
cortisol
gluconeogensis
glucocorticoid
made in middle of adrenal cortex
anti immunity effect
57
androgens which are similar to testosterone
secreted by inner zone of adrenal cortex
58
epinephrine
released in response to stress
59
glucagon
accelerates liver glyconeogenesis
60
insulin
beta cell for pancreas
opposite effect of glucagon
decreases blood glucose
61
a decrease in insulin production
usually causes type 1 diabetes
62
ovary secretes
estrogen
63
testosterone is
interstitial cells of testes
masculinizing hormone
64
thymus gland
produces thymosin
65
the placenta releases
chorianic gonadotropins
progesterone
estrogen
66
pineal gland is
sometimes called "third eye"
67
non steroid hormones can be made of
proteins
68
what are characteristics of non steroid hormones
can use cAMP
second messenger
attaches to cell membrane
69
characteristic of steroid hormone
in cell nucleus
causes protein synthesis
can pass thru cell membrane
70
function of lutenizing hormone
stimulates growth of an egg follicle in ovary
causes ovulation
causes teste to secrets testosterone
71
lactogenic hormone is another name for
prolactin
72
in order for T4 to be produced diet must contain
iodine
73
the hormone has opposite function of calcitonin
parathyroid
74
aldosterone has an impact on which substance
potassium and sodium
75
hormone that seems to influence how fat is metabolized in the body
leptin
76
posterior pituitary gland is also called
neurohypophysis
77
diabetes insipidus is caused by hyposecretion of
aldosterone
78
plasma carries
almost all good to cells
79
plasma contains
digested food
metabolic waste
proteins
80
serum is made from
blood plasma
81
function of albumin is to
thicken blood
82
globulins
assist in fighting infection
83
number of RBC
million
84
number of WBC
1,000
85
number of platelets
100,000
86
myeloid tissue is
red bone marrow
formation of RBC
87
red bone marrow is found greatly in
sternum and hip bone
88
red blood cell
no nucleus
bioconcave
89
polycythemia can be caused by
too many RBC
90
anemia can be caused by
few RBC
too little hemoglobin
91
which of the following describes the layering, in order from top to bottom of the test tube that has been spun down
plasma
buffy coat
RBC
92
which WBC are phagocytes
monocytes
93
which WBC produce antibodies
B lymphocytes
94
which WBC protects body from parasites
eosinophils
95
which WBC secretes heparin
basophils
96
thrombus is
clot stays where it's formed
97
the blood type that has antigen A on the cell and anti- B antibody in plasma is
Type A
98
blood type with no antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma
type O
99
universal donor
type O -
100
the universal recipient
type AB +
101
erythroblastosis fetalis
Rh negative mother & Rh positive baby
102
substance found in plasma but not serum
fibrinogen
103
what are granular leukocyte
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
104
basophils and lymphocytes have in common
both leukocytes
105
eosinophils and neutrophils have in common
leukocytes
granular leukocytes
106
a patient with thicker than normal buffy coat
infection
leukopenia
107
thinner than normal buffy coat
leucopenia
108
a couple would have to worry about their next child having erythroblastosis fetalis if
first child Rh positive and mom Rh negative
109
lymphatic tissue forms
only lymphocytes
110
sickle cell anemia can be caused by
inherited condition of abnormal hemoglobin
111
heart is located
2/3 to the left of midline of sternum
112
chambers of the heart include
two large chambers ventricles
two smaller chambers atria
113
the upper chambers are
receiving chambers
114
innermost layer of the heart
endocardium
115
outermost layer of the heart
epicardium or visceral pericardium
116
the pericardium
sac around heart
has outer parietal pericardium
inner layer called epicardium
117
in the pumping action of the heart
atrial systole precedes ventricular systole
118
first heart sound is the closing of
tricuspid and mitral valve closing
119
second heart sound is the closing of
pulmonary and aortic SL valves
120
superior vena cava carrie's
oxygen poor blood to RA
121
when LV contracts, it pushes blood through a valve
aorta
122
when the pulmonary vein returns oxygen rich blood to the
left atrium
123
the right side of the heart
oxygen poor blood
124
heart is supplied with blood by
arteries that branch directly from aorta
125
volume of blood ejected from ventricles
stroke volume
126
electrical connectors between heart muscle
intercalated discs
127
pacemaker
SA node
128
correct sequence for conduction system
SA node
AV node
AV bundle (bundle of his)
purkinje fibers (subendocardial branches)
129
T wave
ventricles repolarize
130
QRS complex
ventricles depolarize
131
P wave
depolarization of atria
132
outermost layer of artery or vein
tunica adventitia (externa)
133
innermost layer of artery or vein
tunica intima or endothelium
134
layer of arteries and veins contains smooth muscle
tunica media
135
one way valves are found in what blood vessel
veins
136
first blood vessel of systemic circulation
aorta
137
last blood vessel of pulmonary circulation
pulmonary vein
138
structure in fetus bypass liver
ductus venosus
139
structure in fetus allows blood to bypass lungs
ductus arteriosus & foramen ovale
140
blood pressure is highest in aorta and lowest in
SVC and IVC
141
as the viscosity level of blood
increases, BP increases
142
what assists in moving venous blood back to heart
skeletal contractions
one way valves in veins
changing pressure by breathing
143
pulse
can be felt in arteries
144
apical beat can be best heard in
midline down left clavicle
5th and 6th rib
145
arteries carry blood to
capillaries
146
veins have
THINNER tunica media than arteries
147
another name for visceral pericardium
epicardium
148
pericardium is composed of
serous membrane
149
blood that has just passed through bicuspid valve is in the
LV
150
blood that has just passed through the tricuspid valve is in the
RV
151
blood in pulmonary artery
has passed a SL valve
152
blood in the aorta has been
ejected from LV
rich in oxygen
passed SL valve
153
chordae tendinae
attached to atrioventricular valves
154
heart attack
myocardial infarction
155
not structure of lymphatic system
thyroid
156
not a common characteristic shared by blood and lymphatic capillaries
they have tight fitting cells in endothelium
157
the thoracic duct
largest lymph vessel
158
cisterna chyli
part of thoracic duct
159
name of lymphatic vessels in the walls of small intestines
lacteals
160
lymph nodes contain
phagocytic cells
161
lymph can
carry cancer cells and bacteria
162
the thymus
helps T cells mature
163
which tonsils are located on either side of throat
palatine tonsils
164
which tonsils are located near posterior opening of nasal cavity
pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids
165
the spleen
helps filter out bacteria
166
the inflammation response is part of
non specific immunity
167
receiving a flu shot to protect you from getting the flu would be
artificial active immunity
168
immunity passed from mother to fetus
natural passive immunity
169
if you had measles you cannot get them again
natural active
170
a person exposed to hepatitis is given a short of gamma globulin (antibody)
artificial passive
171
an antigen can be
toxin
cancer
bacteria
172
antigens can
combine with antibodies
173
when antigen and complement protein combine
kills cells
complement cascade activated
174
complement
group of protein molecules
activated by antibodies
inactive
175
complement helps kill harmful cells by
drilling a hole
176
which cells are phagocytic
neutrophils
macrophages
177
b cells
have specific antibodies
178
antigens cause immature b cells to
become plasma cells
179
long term immunity occurs
b cells form memory cells
180
T cells
develop in Thymus
cell mediated immunity
181
T cells can release
poisons to directly kill cells
182
these cells develop into macrophages
monocytes
183
main function of lacteals
transport fats to bloodstream
184
important function of lymph nodes
defense
form platelets
185
function of spleen
destroys old RBC
salvages iron
acts as blood reservoir
186
compliment binding sites are located on
antibodies
187
what type of fluid is called lymph when it enters a vessel
interstitial fluid
188
which of the following are called adenoids
pharyngeal tonsils
189
antibodies are important in what immune response
humoral immunity
190
role of complement in the immune system
increase permeability
attracts cells to infection site
marking foreign cells for distraction
191
lymph flowing through the lymphatic capillaries moves into larger vessels called
lymphatic venules
192
tonsils at base of tongue
lingual tonsils
193
largest lymphoid organ
spleen
194
function of immune system is to protect body from
bacteria cells
foreign cells
cancerous cells
