mid term Flashcards
glands that aren’t included in the endocrine system
exocrine glands
luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates
maturation of ovarian follicles and triggers ovulation
what is not stimulated by anterior pituitary gland
ADH
oxytocin
too much insulin in the blood
increases blood glucose
the posterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus
release two hormones & produce RH and IH
in addition to producing thyroid hormones, the thyroid gland also secretes
calcitonin
adrenal medulla produces hormones that are
helpful in stress and fight or flight
pineal gland produces several hormones in small quantities but most significant hormone is
melatonin
what plays a critical role in the body’s defenses against infections
thymus
two primary functions of the blood are
transportation and protection
formed elements of blood
RBC (erythrocytes)
WBC (leukocytes)
platelets (thrombocytes)
what are agranulocytes
macrophage
lymphocyte
without adequate _____ in the diet, the body cannot manufacture enough hemoglobin
iron
necessary for blood clotting
prothrombin
thrombin
fibrinogen
fibrin
platelets
function of WBCs
defend the body from invading microorganisms
blood clot that is stationary
thrombus
antibody is
made by the body
reacts with antigen
causes antigens to agglutinate
blood type considered universal recipient
AB +
erythroblastosis fetalis is now avoidable by treating with
RhoGAM
what blood type is considered universal donor
O-
a blood clot that moves
embolus
heart sounds are easily heard by placing a stethoscope over the
apex
valve located between RA & RV
tricuspid AV valve
blood rich in oxygen returns from lungs and enters LA of heart through
pulmonary veins
heart block is treated by
artificial pacemaker
outermost layer of the arteries and veins
tunica adentiva (externa)
blood pressure gradient is
keeping blood flowing
stroke volume refers to
blood EJECTED from ventricles
structural feature not present in arteries but present in veins
valves
what is true about both lymphatic and blood capillaries
both vessels are microscopic and formed sheets of endothelium
spleen
largest lymphoid organ
lymph nodes are responsible for
WBC formation and filtration
the thymus is
largest at puberty & source of lymphocytes before birth
active immunity occurs when
vaccination confers immunity
example of non specific immunity
skin & tears & mucus
in general, antibodies produce _____ immunity
humoral
endocrine system consists of glands that
release chemicals in blood
second messengers are important in the functioning of
non steroid hormones
non steroid hormones have hormone receptors in the
cell membrane
non steroid hormones can cause
formation of cAMP
steroid hormones have hormone receptors in the
nucleus
steroid hormones can cause
protein synthesis
hormones can
use positive feedback & negative feedback
the anterior pituitary gland is called
adenohypophysis
TSH
secreted by adenohypophysis & stimulates release of thyroid hormone
posterior pituitary gland secretes
oxytocin & ADH
FSH
stimulates ovarian follicles to develop
oxytocin
released by posterior pituitary gland
stimulates uterine contraction
uses positive feedback
ADH
increases amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys
thyroid gland
is found in the neck
thyroid gland produces
T3
T4
calcitonin
calcitonin causes
decrease in concentration of calcium
parathyroid hormone
increases concentration of calcium
opposite of calcitonin
aldosterone
mineralcorticoid
increase sodium
aldosterone effects mainly the
kidneys
cortisol
gluconeogensis
glucocorticoid
made in middle of adrenal cortex
anti immunity effect
androgens which are similar to testosterone
secreted by inner zone of adrenal cortex
epinephrine
released in response to stress
glucagon
accelerates liver glyconeogenesis
insulin
beta cell for pancreas
opposite effect of glucagon
decreases blood glucose
a decrease in insulin production
usually causes type 1 diabetes
ovary secretes
estrogen
testosterone is
interstitial cells of testes
masculinizing hormone
thymus gland
produces thymosin
the placenta releases
chorianic gonadotropins
progesterone
estrogen
pineal gland is
sometimes called “third eye”
non steroid hormones can be made of
proteins
what are characteristics of non steroid hormones
can use cAMP
second messenger
attaches to cell membrane
characteristic of steroid hormone
in cell nucleus
causes protein synthesis
can pass thru cell membrane
function of lutenizing hormone
stimulates growth of an egg follicle in ovary
causes ovulation
causes teste to secrets testosterone
lactogenic hormone is another name for
prolactin
in order for T4 to be produced diet must contain
iodine
the hormone has opposite function of calcitonin
parathyroid
aldosterone has an impact on which substance
potassium and sodium
hormone that seems to influence how fat is metabolized in the body
leptin
posterior pituitary gland is also called
neurohypophysis
diabetes insipidus is caused by hyposecretion of
aldosterone
plasma carries
almost all good to cells
plasma contains
digested food
metabolic waste
proteins
serum is made from
blood plasma
function of albumin is to
thicken blood
globulins
assist in fighting infection
number of RBC
million
number of WBC
1,000
number of platelets
100,000
myeloid tissue is
red bone marrow
formation of RBC
red bone marrow is found greatly in
sternum and hip bone
red blood cell
no nucleus
bioconcave
polycythemia can be caused by
too many RBC
anemia can be caused by
few RBC
too little hemoglobin
which of the following describes the layering, in order from top to bottom of the test tube that has been spun down
plasma
buffy coat
RBC
which WBC are phagocytes
monocytes
which WBC produce antibodies
B lymphocytes
which WBC protects body from parasites
eosinophils
which WBC secretes heparin
basophils
thrombus is
clot stays where it’s formed
the blood type that has antigen A on the cell and anti- B antibody in plasma is
Type A
blood type with no antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma
type O
universal donor
type O -
the universal recipient
type AB +
erythroblastosis fetalis
Rh negative mother & Rh positive baby
substance found in plasma but not serum
fibrinogen
what are granular leukocyte
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
basophils and lymphocytes have in common
both leukocytes
eosinophils and neutrophils have in common
leukocytes
granular leukocytes
a patient with thicker than normal buffy coat
infection
leukopenia
thinner than normal buffy coat
leucopenia
a couple would have to worry about their next child having erythroblastosis fetalis if
first child Rh positive and mom Rh negative
lymphatic tissue forms
only lymphocytes
sickle cell anemia can be caused by
inherited condition of abnormal hemoglobin
heart is located
2/3 to the left of midline of sternum
chambers of the heart include
two large chambers ventricles
two smaller chambers atria
the upper chambers are
receiving chambers
innermost layer of the heart
endocardium
outermost layer of the heart
epicardium or visceral pericardium
the pericardium
sac around heart
has outer parietal pericardium
inner layer called epicardium
in the pumping action of the heart
atrial systole precedes ventricular systole
first heart sound is the closing of
tricuspid and mitral valve closing
second heart sound is the closing of
pulmonary and aortic SL valves
superior vena cava carrie’s
oxygen poor blood to RA
when LV contracts, it pushes blood through a valve
aorta
when the pulmonary vein returns oxygen rich blood to the
left atrium
the right side of the heart
oxygen poor blood
heart is supplied with blood by
arteries that branch directly from aorta
volume of blood ejected from ventricles
stroke volume
electrical connectors between heart muscle
intercalated discs
pacemaker
SA node
correct sequence for conduction system
SA node
AV node
AV bundle (bundle of his)
purkinje fibers (subendocardial branches)
T wave
ventricles repolarize
QRS complex
ventricles depolarize
P wave
depolarization of atria
outermost layer of artery or vein
tunica adventitia (externa)
innermost layer of artery or vein
tunica intima or endothelium
layer of arteries and veins contains smooth muscle
tunica media
one way valves are found in what blood vessel
veins
first blood vessel of systemic circulation
aorta
last blood vessel of pulmonary circulation
pulmonary vein
structure in fetus bypass liver
ductus venosus
structure in fetus allows blood to bypass lungs
ductus arteriosus & foramen ovale
blood pressure is highest in aorta and lowest in
SVC and IVC
as the viscosity level of blood
increases, BP increases
what assists in moving venous blood back to heart
skeletal contractions
one way valves in veins
changing pressure by breathing
pulse
can be felt in arteries
apical beat can be best heard in
midline down left clavicle
5th and 6th rib
arteries carry blood to
capillaries
veins have
THINNER tunica media than arteries
another name for visceral pericardium
epicardium
pericardium is composed of
serous membrane
blood that has just passed through bicuspid valve is in the
LV
blood that has just passed through the tricuspid valve is in the
RV
blood in pulmonary artery
has passed a SL valve
blood in the aorta has been
ejected from LV
rich in oxygen
passed SL valve
chordae tendinae
attached to atrioventricular valves
heart attack
myocardial infarction
not structure of lymphatic system
thyroid
not a common characteristic shared by blood and lymphatic capillaries
they have tight fitting cells in endothelium
the thoracic duct
largest lymph vessel
cisterna chyli
part of thoracic duct
name of lymphatic vessels in the walls of small intestines
lacteals
lymph nodes contain
phagocytic cells
lymph can
carry cancer cells and bacteria
the thymus
helps T cells mature
which tonsils are located on either side of throat
palatine tonsils
which tonsils are located near posterior opening of nasal cavity
pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids
the spleen
helps filter out bacteria
the inflammation response is part of
non specific immunity
receiving a flu shot to protect you from getting the flu would be
artificial active immunity
immunity passed from mother to fetus
natural passive immunity
if you had measles you cannot get them again
natural active
a person exposed to hepatitis is given a short of gamma globulin (antibody)
artificial passive
an antigen can be
toxin
cancer
bacteria
antigens can
combine with antibodies
when antigen and complement protein combine
kills cells
complement cascade activated
complement
group of protein molecules
activated by antibodies
inactive
complement helps kill harmful cells by
drilling a hole
which cells are phagocytic
neutrophils
macrophages
b cells
have specific antibodies
antigens cause immature b cells to
become plasma cells
long term immunity occurs
b cells form memory cells
T cells
develop in Thymus
cell mediated immunity
T cells can release
poisons to directly kill cells
these cells develop into macrophages
monocytes
main function of lacteals
transport fats to bloodstream
important function of lymph nodes
defense
form platelets
function of spleen
destroys old RBC
salvages iron
acts as blood reservoir
compliment binding sites are located on
antibodies
what type of fluid is called lymph when it enters a vessel
interstitial fluid
which of the following are called adenoids
pharyngeal tonsils
antibodies are important in what immune response
humoral immunity
role of complement in the immune system
increase permeability
attracts cells to infection site
marking foreign cells for distraction
lymph flowing through the lymphatic capillaries moves into larger vessels called
lymphatic venules
tonsils at base of tongue
lingual tonsils
largest lymphoid organ
spleen
function of immune system is to protect body from
bacteria cells
foreign cells
cancerous cells
