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a&p 2 > mid term > Flashcards

mid term Flashcards

1
Q

glands that aren’t included in the endocrine system

A

exocrine glands

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2
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates

A

maturation of ovarian follicles and triggers ovulation

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3
Q

what is not stimulated by anterior pituitary gland

A

ADH
oxytocin

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4
Q

too much insulin in the blood

A

increases blood glucose

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5
Q

the posterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus

A

release two hormones & produce RH and IH

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6
Q

in addition to producing thyroid hormones, the thyroid gland also secretes

A

calcitonin

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7
Q

adrenal medulla produces hormones that are

A

helpful in stress and fight or flight

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8
Q

pineal gland produces several hormones in small quantities but most significant hormone is

A

melatonin

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9
Q

what plays a critical role in the body’s defenses against infections

A

thymus

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10
Q

two primary functions of the blood are

A

transportation and protection

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11
Q

formed elements of blood

A

RBC (erythrocytes)
WBC (leukocytes)
platelets (thrombocytes)

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12
Q

what are agranulocytes

A

macrophage
lymphocyte

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13
Q

without adequate _____ in the diet, the body cannot manufacture enough hemoglobin

A

iron

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14
Q

necessary for blood clotting

A

prothrombin
thrombin
fibrinogen
fibrin
platelets

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15
Q

function of WBCs

A

defend the body from invading microorganisms

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16
Q

blood clot that is stationary

A

thrombus

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17
Q

antibody is

A

made by the body
reacts with antigen
causes antigens to agglutinate

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18
Q

blood type considered universal recipient

A

AB +

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19
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis is now avoidable by treating with

A

RhoGAM

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20
Q

what blood type is considered universal donor

A

O-

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21
Q

a blood clot that moves

A

embolus

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22
Q

heart sounds are easily heard by placing a stethoscope over the

A

apex

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23
Q

valve located between RA & RV

A

tricuspid AV valve

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24
Q

blood rich in oxygen returns from lungs and enters LA of heart through

A

pulmonary veins

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25
Q

heart block is treated by

A

artificial pacemaker

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26
Q

outermost layer of the arteries and veins

A

tunica adentiva (externa)

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27
Q

blood pressure gradient is

A

keeping blood flowing

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28
Q

stroke volume refers to

A

blood EJECTED from ventricles

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29
Q

structural feature not present in arteries but present in veins

A

valves

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30
Q

what is true about both lymphatic and blood capillaries

A

both vessels are microscopic and formed sheets of endothelium

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31
Q

spleen

A

largest lymphoid organ

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32
Q

lymph nodes are responsible for

A

WBC formation and filtration

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33
Q

the thymus is

A

largest at puberty & source of lymphocytes before birth

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34
Q

active immunity occurs when

A

vaccination confers immunity

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35
Q

example of non specific immunity

A

skin & tears & mucus

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36
Q

in general, antibodies produce _____ immunity

A

humoral

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37
Q

endocrine system consists of glands that

A

release chemicals in blood

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38
Q

second messengers are important in the functioning of

A

non steroid hormones

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39
Q

non steroid hormones have hormone receptors in the

A

cell membrane

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40
Q

non steroid hormones can cause

A

formation of cAMP

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41
Q

steroid hormones have hormone receptors in the

A

nucleus

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42
Q

steroid hormones can cause

A

protein synthesis

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43
Q

hormones can

A

use positive feedback & negative feedback

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44
Q

the anterior pituitary gland is called

A

adenohypophysis

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45
Q

TSH

A

secreted by adenohypophysis & stimulates release of thyroid hormone

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46
Q

posterior pituitary gland secretes

A

oxytocin & ADH

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47
Q

FSH

A

stimulates ovarian follicles to develop

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48
Q

oxytocin

A

released by posterior pituitary gland
stimulates uterine contraction
uses positive feedback

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49
Q

ADH

A

increases amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys

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50
Q

thyroid gland

A

is found in the neck

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51
Q

thyroid gland produces

A

T3
T4
calcitonin

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52
Q

calcitonin causes

A

decrease in concentration of calcium

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53
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

increases concentration of calcium
opposite of calcitonin

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54
Q

aldosterone

A

mineralcorticoid
increase sodium

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55
Q

aldosterone effects mainly the

A

kidneys

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56
Q

cortisol

A

gluconeogensis
glucocorticoid
made in middle of adrenal cortex
anti immunity effect

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57
Q

androgens which are similar to testosterone

A

secreted by inner zone of adrenal cortex

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58
Q

epinephrine

A

released in response to stress

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59
Q

glucagon

A

accelerates liver glyconeogenesis

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60
Q

insulin

A

beta cell for pancreas
opposite effect of glucagon
decreases blood glucose

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61
Q

a decrease in insulin production

A

usually causes type 1 diabetes

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62
Q

ovary secretes

A

estrogen

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63
Q

testosterone is

A

interstitial cells of testes
masculinizing hormone

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64
Q

thymus gland

A

produces thymosin

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65
Q

the placenta releases

A

chorianic gonadotropins
progesterone
estrogen

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66
Q

pineal gland is

A

sometimes called “third eye”

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67
Q

non steroid hormones can be made of

A

proteins

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68
Q

what are characteristics of non steroid hormones

A

can use cAMP
second messenger
attaches to cell membrane

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69
Q

characteristic of steroid hormone

A

in cell nucleus
causes protein synthesis
can pass thru cell membrane

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70
Q

function of lutenizing hormone

A

stimulates growth of an egg follicle in ovary
causes ovulation
causes teste to secrets testosterone

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71
Q

lactogenic hormone is another name for

A

prolactin

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72
Q

in order for T4 to be produced diet must contain

A

iodine

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73
Q

the hormone has opposite function of calcitonin

A

parathyroid

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74
Q

aldosterone has an impact on which substance

A

potassium and sodium

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75
Q

hormone that seems to influence how fat is metabolized in the body

A

leptin

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76
Q

posterior pituitary gland is also called

A

neurohypophysis

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77
Q

diabetes insipidus is caused by hyposecretion of

A

aldosterone

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78
Q

plasma carries

A

almost all good to cells

79
Q

plasma contains

A

digested food
metabolic waste
proteins

80
Q

serum is made from

A

blood plasma

81
Q

function of albumin is to

A

thicken blood

82
Q

globulins

A

assist in fighting infection

83
Q

number of RBC

A

million

84
Q

number of WBC

A

1,000

85
Q

number of platelets

A

100,000

86
Q

myeloid tissue is

A

red bone marrow
formation of RBC

87
Q

red bone marrow is found greatly in

A

sternum and hip bone

88
Q

red blood cell

A

no nucleus
bioconcave

89
Q

polycythemia can be caused by

A

too many RBC

90
Q

anemia can be caused by

A

few RBC
too little hemoglobin

91
Q

which of the following describes the layering, in order from top to bottom of the test tube that has been spun down

A

plasma
buffy coat
RBC

92
Q

which WBC are phagocytes

A

monocytes

93
Q

which WBC produce antibodies

A

B lymphocytes

94
Q

which WBC protects body from parasites

A

eosinophils

95
Q

which WBC secretes heparin

A

basophils

96
Q

thrombus is

A

clot stays where it’s formed

97
Q

the blood type that has antigen A on the cell and anti- B antibody in plasma is

A

Type A

98
Q

blood type with no antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma

A

type O

99
Q

universal donor

A

type O -

100
Q

the universal recipient

A

type AB +

101
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Rh negative mother & Rh positive baby

102
Q

substance found in plasma but not serum

A

fibrinogen

103
Q

what are granular leukocyte

A

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils

104
Q

basophils and lymphocytes have in common

A

both leukocytes

105
Q

eosinophils and neutrophils have in common

A

leukocytes
granular leukocytes

106
Q

a patient with thicker than normal buffy coat

A

infection
leukopenia

107
Q

thinner than normal buffy coat

A

leucopenia

108
Q

a couple would have to worry about their next child having erythroblastosis fetalis if

A

first child Rh positive and mom Rh negative

109
Q

lymphatic tissue forms

A

only lymphocytes

110
Q

sickle cell anemia can be caused by

A

inherited condition of abnormal hemoglobin

111
Q

heart is located

A

2/3 to the left of midline of sternum

112
Q

chambers of the heart include

A

two large chambers ventricles
two smaller chambers atria

113
Q

the upper chambers are

A

receiving chambers

114
Q

innermost layer of the heart

A

endocardium

115
Q

outermost layer of the heart

A

epicardium or visceral pericardium

116
Q

the pericardium

A

sac around heart
has outer parietal pericardium
inner layer called epicardium

117
Q

in the pumping action of the heart

A

atrial systole precedes ventricular systole

118
Q

first heart sound is the closing of

A

tricuspid and mitral valve closing

119
Q

second heart sound is the closing of

A

pulmonary and aortic SL valves

120
Q

superior vena cava carrie’s

A

oxygen poor blood to RA

121
Q

when LV contracts, it pushes blood through a valve

A

aorta

122
Q

when the pulmonary vein returns oxygen rich blood to the

A

left atrium

123
Q

the right side of the heart

A

oxygen poor blood

124
Q

heart is supplied with blood by

A

arteries that branch directly from aorta

125
Q

volume of blood ejected from ventricles

A

stroke volume

126
Q

electrical connectors between heart muscle

A

intercalated discs

127
Q

pacemaker

A

SA node

128
Q

correct sequence for conduction system

A

SA node
AV node
AV bundle (bundle of his)
purkinje fibers (subendocardial branches)

129
Q

T wave

A

ventricles repolarize

130
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricles depolarize

131
Q

P wave

A

depolarization of atria

132
Q

outermost layer of artery or vein

A

tunica adventitia (externa)

133
Q

innermost layer of artery or vein

A

tunica intima or endothelium

134
Q

layer of arteries and veins contains smooth muscle

A

tunica media

135
Q

one way valves are found in what blood vessel

A

veins

136
Q

first blood vessel of systemic circulation

A

aorta

137
Q

last blood vessel of pulmonary circulation

A

pulmonary vein

138
Q

structure in fetus bypass liver

A

ductus venosus

139
Q

structure in fetus allows blood to bypass lungs

A

ductus arteriosus & foramen ovale

140
Q

blood pressure is highest in aorta and lowest in

A

SVC and IVC

141
Q

as the viscosity level of blood

A

increases, BP increases

142
Q

what assists in moving venous blood back to heart

A

skeletal contractions
one way valves in veins
changing pressure by breathing

143
Q

pulse

A

can be felt in arteries

144
Q

apical beat can be best heard in

A

midline down left clavicle
5th and 6th rib

145
Q

arteries carry blood to

A

capillaries

146
Q

veins have

A

THINNER tunica media than arteries

147
Q

another name for visceral pericardium

A

epicardium

148
Q

pericardium is composed of

A

serous membrane

149
Q

blood that has just passed through bicuspid valve is in the

A

LV

150
Q

blood that has just passed through the tricuspid valve is in the

A

RV

151
Q

blood in pulmonary artery

A

has passed a SL valve

152
Q

blood in the aorta has been

A

ejected from LV
rich in oxygen
passed SL valve

153
Q

chordae tendinae

A

attached to atrioventricular valves

154
Q

heart attack

A

myocardial infarction

155
Q

not structure of lymphatic system

A

thyroid

156
Q

not a common characteristic shared by blood and lymphatic capillaries

A

they have tight fitting cells in endothelium

157
Q

the thoracic duct

A

largest lymph vessel

158
Q

cisterna chyli

A

part of thoracic duct

159
Q

name of lymphatic vessels in the walls of small intestines

A

lacteals

160
Q

lymph nodes contain

A

phagocytic cells

161
Q

lymph can

A

carry cancer cells and bacteria

162
Q

the thymus

A

helps T cells mature

163
Q

which tonsils are located on either side of throat

A

palatine tonsils

164
Q

which tonsils are located near posterior opening of nasal cavity

A

pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids

165
Q

the spleen

A

helps filter out bacteria

166
Q

the inflammation response is part of

A

non specific immunity

167
Q

receiving a flu shot to protect you from getting the flu would be

A

artificial active immunity

168
Q

immunity passed from mother to fetus

A

natural passive immunity

169
Q

if you had measles you cannot get them again

A

natural active

170
Q

a person exposed to hepatitis is given a short of gamma globulin (antibody)

A

artificial passive

171
Q

an antigen can be

A

toxin
cancer
bacteria

172
Q

antigens can

A

combine with antibodies

173
Q

when antigen and complement protein combine

A

kills cells
complement cascade activated

174
Q

complement

A

group of protein molecules
activated by antibodies
inactive

175
Q

complement helps kill harmful cells by

A

drilling a hole

176
Q

which cells are phagocytic

A

neutrophils
macrophages

177
Q

b cells

A

have specific antibodies

178
Q

antigens cause immature b cells to

A

become plasma cells

179
Q

long term immunity occurs

A

b cells form memory cells

180
Q

T cells

A

develop in Thymus
cell mediated immunity

181
Q

T cells can release

A

poisons to directly kill cells

182
Q

these cells develop into macrophages

A

monocytes

183
Q

main function of lacteals

A

transport fats to bloodstream

184
Q

important function of lymph nodes

A

defense
form platelets

185
Q

function of spleen

A

destroys old RBC
salvages iron
acts as blood reservoir

186
Q

compliment binding sites are located on

A

antibodies

187
Q

what type of fluid is called lymph when it enters a vessel

A

interstitial fluid

188
Q

which of the following are called adenoids

A

pharyngeal tonsils

189
Q

antibodies are important in what immune response

A

humoral immunity

190
Q

role of complement in the immune system

A

increase permeability
attracts cells to infection site
marking foreign cells for distraction

191
Q

lymph flowing through the lymphatic capillaries moves into larger vessels called

A

lymphatic venules

192
Q

tonsils at base of tongue

A

lingual tonsils

193
Q

largest lymphoid organ

A

spleen

194
Q

function of immune system is to protect body from

A

bacteria cells
foreign cells
cancerous cells

a&p 2 (9 decks)

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