chapter 16 Flashcards
principle structure, an irregular tube, open at both ends
alimentary canal or digestive tract or GI tract
layers of the digestive tract
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa
which classification of teeth have cutting function during mastification
incisors
salivary amylase begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates
salivary glands
the act of dealing moves a mass of food _____ from mouth to stomach
bolus
stomach muscle contractions
peristalsis
the stomach sphincter that keeps food from reentering the esophagus when stomach contracts
cardiac sphincter
most chemical digestion occurs
duodenum
endocrine and exocrine glands
pancreas
The innermost layer of the gastrointestinal wall is called the:
serosa
pairs of salivary glands
submandibulars
sublinguals
parotids
This structure permits material to pass from the small intestine into the large intestine.
Ileocecal valve
The large gland in the body that secretes bile is the:
liver
The small intestine is anchored to the posterior of the abdominal cavity by the:
mesentery
The function of the gallbladder is to:
concentrate and store bile
The end products of fat digestion are:
fatty acids and glycerol
The ejection of bile from the gallbladder is controlled by this hormone.
CCK
What three processes does food undergo in the body?
Digestion, absorption, and metabolism
The process of altering the chemical and physical composition of food so that it can be absorbed and used by the body cells is known as:
digestion
The tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth by a thin membrane called a:
frenulum
20 deciduous teeth appear early in life and are later replaced by:
32 permanent teeth
The muscle contractions that propel food down the gastrointestinal tract are called:
peristalsis
The _____________ is a muscular, mucus-lined tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach
esophagus
The sphincter muscle that controls the opening of the esophagus into the stomach is the:
cardiac sphincter
When the stomach is empty, its mucous lining lies in folds called:
rugae
The superior division of the small intestine is the:
duodenum
The intestinal lining has circular folds that have many tiny “fingers” called:
villi
The hepatic duct merges with cystic duct from the gallbladder, forming the:
common bile duct
The organ that is composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissue is the:
pancreas
Saliva contains the enzyme:
salivary amylase
Which of the following is not a main process of mechanical digestion?
Absorption
Where does protein digestion begin?
Stomach
The process by which nutrients go from the inside of the intestines into the circulating fluids of the body is called:
absorption
After fatty acids and glycerol diffuse into the absorptive cells of the gastrointestinal tract, where are they secreted?
Lacteals
complex foods taken into GI tract
ingestion
group of processes that break complex nutrients into simpler ones
digestion
breakup of large chucks of food into smaller bits
mechanical digestion
breaks large molecules into smaller ones
chemical digestion
number of GI movements resulting from muscular contraction
motility
release of digestive juices and hormones that facilitate digestion
secretion
movement of digested nutrients into internal environment of the body
absorption
movement of residues of digestion out of alimentary canal
elimination
neural, hormonal, and other mechanisms that regulate digestive activity
regulation
inner hollow space of digestive tract
lumen
layer type varies on GI location causing mucus production
mucosa
connective tissues layer
submucosa
circular, longitudinal, oblique in stomach important in GI motility
muscularis
wavelike movement pushes material down tract
peristalsis
back and fourth mixing movement
segmentation
serous membrane covers outside of abdominal organs, attaches GI tract to wall of abdominopelvic cavity
serosa
folds in serosa
mesenteries
parts of maxillary and palatine bones
hard palate
arch shaped separating mouth from pharynx
soft palate
downward projection of soft palate helps in speech and swallowing (deglutition)
uvula
fold of mucosa helps anchor tongue
frenulum
cuspids
canines
bicuspids
premolars
tricuspids
molars
three main parts of tooth
crown
neck
root
covers crown, hardest tissue in the body
enamel
exocrine gland flows through salivary duct into mouth
saliva
in saliva, water mixture contains enzyme salivary amylase and
sodium biocarbonate
mucus
largest salivary gland produces saliva containing bicarbonate
parotid glands
ducts open on either side of lingual frenulum
submandibular glands
multiple ducts open into floor of mouth
sublingual glands
most involved in pharyngeal segment in deglutition
oropharynx
voluntary and involuntary centers regulate deglutition movements
cerebral cortex (voluntary)
deglutition center of brain stem (involuntary)
cardiac sphincter also called
lower esophageal sphincter
outpouched base of stomach
fundus
apex of stomach
pylorus
expands after large meal, size of large sausage when empty
stomach
many smooth muscle fibers in three layers contractions cause peristalsis in stomach
muscularis
microscopic gastric glands secrete juice enzymes, hydrochloride acid, and instructive factor in stomach
mucosa
muscle closes opening between pylorus (lower stomach) and duodenum
pyloric sphincter
stomach pushes through opening in diaphragm which may cause GERD
hiatal hernia
small intestine parts
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
site of chemical digestion
duodenum
digestion and absorption
small intestines
microscopic glands secrete water, enzymes and ions
intestinal glands
circular folds
plicae
finger shaped projections
intestinal villi
smooth muscle fibers contract to produce movements
motility
largest exocrine gland
liver
removes yellowish bile pigments form breakdown of old RBCs and located in right upper section of abdominal cavity and extends over to left side
liver
undersurface of liver, sac with folded interior
gallbadder
drains bile from liver
hepatic
duct by which bile enters and leaves gallbladder
cystic
union of hepatic and cystic duct into duodenum
common bile duct
accumulation of yellow bile pigments in blood
jaundice
endocrine cells not connected with pancreatic ducts and secrete glucagon and insulin into blood
pancreatic islets of langherhans
blind end pouch at beginning of large intestines where chyme enters through ileocecal valve
cecum
ascending transverse decending and sigmoid
colon
empties feces though anal cavity
rectum
helps digest nutrients produce vitamins and gases (flatulence or flatus)
microbiome flora
increased motility
diarrhea
decreased motility
constipation
elimination of feces, regulated by voluntary and involuntary sphincters
defacation
blind worm shaped tube off cecum
appendix
continuous serous membrane lining abdominal cavity and covering abdominal organs
peritoneum
lines abdominal cavity
parietal peritoneum
covers abdominal organs
visceral peritoneum
lies between parietal and visceral layers produces lubricating peritoneal serous fluid
peritoneal space
describes structures outside parietal peritoneum such as kidney
retroperitoneal
largest extensions in peritoneum
mesentary
greater omentum
lace apron that hangs down
greater omentum
attaches most of small intestine
mesentary
transforms, ingested food into nutrient substances that can be absorbed and used by cells
digestion
chewing mastification and swallowing deglutition
mechanical digestion
protein molecules that act as catalysts
enzymes
breakdown process of enzymes
hydrolysis
breaks polysaccharides down to disaccharides
pancreatic amylase
study of irregular shapes
fractal geometry
all cells perform metabolism, except _____ & ____ perform digestion
digestion & absorption
layer of wall of GI that produces peristalsis
muscularis
layer of wall of GI that has blood vessels and nerves
sub mucosa
innermost layer of GI
mucosa
outermost layer of GI
serosa
prevent material from entering the nasal cavity above the mouth when food is swallowed
uvula & soft palate
lymphatic vessel in the villi
lacteals
part of large intestine between ascending and descending colon
transverse colon
part of large intestine between the descending colon and rectum is called
sigmoid colon
The process by which digested nutrients are moved from the digestive system to the circulating fluids is called
absorption
bile has this effect on lipid droplets
emulsification
This enzyme is made in both the salivary gland in the pancreas and digests starch
amylase
this enzyme is made in the stomach in an inactive form and digests proteins
pepsin
This enzyme is made in the small intestine and digests proteins
peptidase
This enzyme is made in an inactive form in the pancreas and digests proteins
trypsin
This is the final products of carbohydrate digestion
simple sugars
This is the final and products of protein
amino acids
This gland produces bile
liver
this enzyme is made in the pancreas and digest lipid
lipase
This is one of the final and products of lipid digestion
glycerol and fatty acids
