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A&P 2 > chapter 16 > Flashcards

chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

principle structure, an irregular tube, open at both ends

A

alimentary canal or digestive tract or GI tract

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2
Q

layers of the digestive tract

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

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3
Q

which classification of teeth have cutting function during mastification

A

incisors

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4
Q

salivary amylase begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates

A

salivary glands

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5
Q

the act of dealing moves a mass of food _____ from mouth to stomach

A

bolus

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6
Q

stomach muscle contractions

A

peristalsis

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7
Q

the stomach sphincter that keeps food from reentering the esophagus when stomach contracts

A

cardiac sphincter

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8
Q

most chemical digestion occurs

A

duodenum

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9
Q

endocrine and exocrine glands

A

pancreas

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10
Q

The innermost layer of the gastrointestinal wall is called the:

A

serosa

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11
Q

pairs of salivary glands

A

submandibulars
sublinguals
parotids

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12
Q

This structure permits material to pass from the small intestine into the large intestine.

A

Ileocecal valve

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13
Q

The large gland in the body that secretes bile is the:

A

liver

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14
Q

The small intestine is anchored to the posterior of the abdominal cavity by the:

A

mesentery

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15
Q

The function of the gallbladder is to:

A

concentrate and store bile

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16
Q

The end products of fat digestion are:

A

fatty acids and glycerol

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17
Q

The ejection of bile from the gallbladder is controlled by this hormone.

A

CCK

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18
Q

What three processes does food undergo in the body?

A

Digestion, absorption, and metabolism

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19
Q

The process of altering the chemical and physical composition of food so that it can be absorbed and used by the body cells is known as:

A

digestion

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20
Q

The tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth by a thin membrane called a:

A

frenulum

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21
Q

20 deciduous teeth appear early in life and are later replaced by:

A

32 permanent teeth

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22
Q

The muscle contractions that propel food down the gastrointestinal tract are called:

A

peristalsis

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23
Q

The _____________ is a muscular, mucus-lined tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach

A

esophagus

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24
Q

The sphincter muscle that controls the opening of the esophagus into the stomach is the:

A

cardiac sphincter

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25
Q

When the stomach is empty, its mucous lining lies in folds called:

A

rugae

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26
Q

The superior division of the small intestine is the:

A

duodenum

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27
Q

The intestinal lining has circular folds that have many tiny “fingers” called:

A

villi

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28
Q

The hepatic duct merges with cystic duct from the gallbladder, forming the:

A

common bile duct

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29
Q

The organ that is composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissue is the:

A

pancreas

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30
Q

Saliva contains the enzyme:

A

salivary amylase

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31
Q

Which of the following is not a main process of mechanical digestion?

A

Absorption

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32
Q

Where does protein digestion begin?

A

Stomach

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33
Q

The process by which nutrients go from the inside of the intestines into the circulating fluids of the body is called:

A

absorption

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34
Q

After fatty acids and glycerol diffuse into the absorptive cells of the gastrointestinal tract, where are they secreted?

A

Lacteals

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35
Q

complex foods taken into GI tract

A

ingestion

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36
Q

group of processes that break complex nutrients into simpler ones

A

digestion

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37
Q

breakup of large chucks of food into smaller bits

A

mechanical digestion

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38
Q

breaks large molecules into smaller ones

A

chemical digestion

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39
Q

number of GI movements resulting from muscular contraction

A

motility

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40
Q

release of digestive juices and hormones that facilitate digestion

A

secretion

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41
Q

movement of digested nutrients into internal environment of the body

A

absorption

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42
Q

movement of residues of digestion out of alimentary canal

A

elimination

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43
Q

neural, hormonal, and other mechanisms that regulate digestive activity

A

regulation

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44
Q

inner hollow space of digestive tract

A

lumen

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45
Q

layer type varies on GI location causing mucus production

A

mucosa

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46
Q

connective tissues layer

A

submucosa

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47
Q

circular, longitudinal, oblique in stomach important in GI motility

A

muscularis

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48
Q

wavelike movement pushes material down tract

A

peristalsis

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49
Q

back and fourth mixing movement

A

segmentation

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50
Q

serous membrane covers outside of abdominal organs, attaches GI tract to wall of abdominopelvic cavity

A

serosa

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51
Q

folds in serosa

A

mesenteries

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52
Q

parts of maxillary and palatine bones

A

hard palate

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53
Q

arch shaped separating mouth from pharynx

A

soft palate

54
Q

downward projection of soft palate helps in speech and swallowing (deglutition)

A

uvula

55
Q

fold of mucosa helps anchor tongue

A

frenulum

56
Q

cuspids

A

canines

57
Q

bicuspids

A

premolars

58
Q

tricuspids

A

molars

59
Q

three main parts of tooth

A

crown
neck
root

60
Q

covers crown, hardest tissue in the body

A

enamel

61
Q

exocrine gland flows through salivary duct into mouth

A

saliva

62
Q

in saliva, water mixture contains enzyme salivary amylase and

A

sodium biocarbonate
mucus

63
Q

largest salivary gland produces saliva containing bicarbonate

A

parotid glands

64
Q

ducts open on either side of lingual frenulum

A

submandibular glands

65
Q

multiple ducts open into floor of mouth

A

sublingual glands

66
Q

most involved in pharyngeal segment in deglutition

A

oropharynx

67
Q

voluntary and involuntary centers regulate deglutition movements

A

cerebral cortex (voluntary)
deglutition center of brain stem (involuntary)

68
Q

cardiac sphincter also called

A

lower esophageal sphincter

69
Q

outpouched base of stomach

A

fundus

70
Q

apex of stomach

A

pylorus

71
Q

expands after large meal, size of large sausage when empty

A

stomach

72
Q

many smooth muscle fibers in three layers contractions cause peristalsis in stomach

A

muscularis

73
Q

microscopic gastric glands secrete juice enzymes, hydrochloride acid, and instructive factor in stomach

A

mucosa

74
Q

muscle closes opening between pylorus (lower stomach) and duodenum

A

pyloric sphincter

75
Q

stomach pushes through opening in diaphragm which may cause GERD

A

hiatal hernia

76
Q

small intestine parts

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

77
Q

site of chemical digestion

A

duodenum

78
Q

digestion and absorption

A

small intestines

79
Q

microscopic glands secrete water, enzymes and ions

A

intestinal glands

80
Q

circular folds

A

plicae

81
Q

finger shaped projections

A

intestinal villi

82
Q

smooth muscle fibers contract to produce movements

A

motility

83
Q

largest exocrine gland

A

liver

84
Q

removes yellowish bile pigments form breakdown of old RBCs and located in right upper section of abdominal cavity and extends over to left side

A

liver

85
Q

undersurface of liver, sac with folded interior

A

gallbadder

86
Q

drains bile from liver

A

hepatic

87
Q

duct by which bile enters and leaves gallbladder

A

cystic

88
Q

union of hepatic and cystic duct into duodenum

A

common bile duct

89
Q

accumulation of yellow bile pigments in blood

A

jaundice

90
Q

endocrine cells not connected with pancreatic ducts and secrete glucagon and insulin into blood

A

pancreatic islets of langherhans

91
Q

blind end pouch at beginning of large intestines where chyme enters through ileocecal valve

A

cecum

92
Q

ascending transverse decending and sigmoid

A

colon

93
Q

empties feces though anal cavity

A

rectum

94
Q

helps digest nutrients produce vitamins and gases (flatulence or flatus)

A

microbiome flora

95
Q

increased motility

A

diarrhea

96
Q

decreased motility

A

constipation

97
Q

elimination of feces, regulated by voluntary and involuntary sphincters

A

defacation

98
Q

blind worm shaped tube off cecum

A

appendix

99
Q

continuous serous membrane lining abdominal cavity and covering abdominal organs

A

peritoneum

100
Q

lines abdominal cavity

A

parietal peritoneum

101
Q

covers abdominal organs

A

visceral peritoneum

102
Q

lies between parietal and visceral layers produces lubricating peritoneal serous fluid

A

peritoneal space

103
Q

describes structures outside parietal peritoneum such as kidney

A

retroperitoneal

104
Q

largest extensions in peritoneum

A

mesentary
greater omentum

105
Q

lace apron that hangs down

A

greater omentum

106
Q

attaches most of small intestine

A

mesentary

107
Q

transforms, ingested food into nutrient substances that can be absorbed and used by cells

A

digestion

108
Q

chewing mastification and swallowing deglutition

A

mechanical digestion

109
Q

protein molecules that act as catalysts

A

enzymes

110
Q

breakdown process of enzymes

A

hydrolysis

111
Q

breaks polysaccharides down to disaccharides

A

pancreatic amylase

112
Q

study of irregular shapes

A

fractal geometry

113
Q

all cells perform metabolism, except _____ & ____ perform digestion

A

digestion & absorption

114
Q

layer of wall of GI that produces peristalsis

A

muscularis

115
Q

layer of wall of GI that has blood vessels and nerves

A

sub mucosa

116
Q

innermost layer of GI

A

mucosa

117
Q

outermost layer of GI

A

serosa

118
Q

prevent material from entering the nasal cavity above the mouth when food is swallowed

A

uvula & soft palate

119
Q

lymphatic vessel in the villi

A

lacteals

120
Q

part of large intestine between ascending and descending colon

A

transverse colon

121
Q

part of large intestine between the descending colon and rectum is called

A

sigmoid colon

122
Q

The process by which digested nutrients are moved from the digestive system to the circulating fluids is called

A

absorption

123
Q

bile has this effect on lipid droplets

A

emulsification

124
Q

This enzyme is made in both the salivary gland in the pancreas and digests starch

A

amylase

125
Q

this enzyme is made in the stomach in an inactive form and digests proteins

A

pepsin

126
Q

This enzyme is made in the small intestine and digests proteins

A

peptidase

127
Q

This enzyme is made in an inactive form in the pancreas and digests proteins

A

trypsin

128
Q

This is the final products of carbohydrate digestion

A

simple sugars

129
Q

This is the final and products of protein

A

amino acids

130
Q

This gland produces bile

A

liver

131
Q

this enzyme is made in the pancreas and digest lipid

A

lipase

132
Q

This is one of the final and products of lipid digestion

A

glycerol and fatty acids

A&P 2 (9 decks)

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