chapter 16 Flashcards
1
Q
principle structure, an irregular tube, open at both ends
A
alimentary canal or digestive tract or GI tract
2
Q
layers of the digestive tract
A
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa
3
Q
which classification of teeth have cutting function during mastification
A
incisors
4
Q
salivary amylase begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates
A
salivary glands
5
Q
the act of dealing moves a mass of food _____ from mouth to stomach
A
bolus
6
Q
stomach muscle contractions
A
peristalsis
7
Q
the stomach sphincter that keeps food from reentering the esophagus when stomach contracts
A
cardiac sphincter
8
Q
most chemical digestion occurs
A
duodenum
9
Q
endocrine and exocrine glands
A
pancreas
10
Q
The innermost layer of the gastrointestinal wall is called the:
A
serosa
11
Q
pairs of salivary glands
A
submandibulars
sublinguals
parotids
12
Q
This structure permits material to pass from the small intestine into the large intestine.
A
Ileocecal valve
13
Q
The large gland in the body that secretes bile is the:
A
liver
14
Q
The small intestine is anchored to the posterior of the abdominal cavity by the:
A
mesentery
15
Q
The function of the gallbladder is to:
A
concentrate and store bile
16
Q
The end products of fat digestion are:
A
fatty acids and glycerol
17
Q
The ejection of bile from the gallbladder is controlled by this hormone.
A
CCK
18
Q
What three processes does food undergo in the body?
A
Digestion, absorption, and metabolism
19
Q
The process of altering the chemical and physical composition of food so that it can be absorbed and used by the body cells is known as:
A
digestion
20
Q
The tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth by a thin membrane called a:
A
frenulum
21
Q
20 deciduous teeth appear early in life and are later replaced by:
A
32 permanent teeth
22
Q
The muscle contractions that propel food down the gastrointestinal tract are called:
A
peristalsis
23
Q
The _____________ is a muscular, mucus-lined tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach
A
esophagus
24
Q
The sphincter muscle that controls the opening of the esophagus into the stomach is the:
A
cardiac sphincter
25
When the stomach is empty, its mucous lining lies in folds called:
rugae
26
The superior division of the small intestine is the:
duodenum
27
The intestinal lining has circular folds that have many tiny “fingers” called:
villi
28
The hepatic duct merges with cystic duct from the gallbladder, forming the:
common bile duct
29
The organ that is composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissue is the:
pancreas
30
Saliva contains the enzyme:
salivary amylase
31
Which of the following is not a main process of mechanical digestion?
Absorption
32
Where does protein digestion begin?
Stomach
33
The process by which nutrients go from the inside of the intestines into the circulating fluids of the body is called:
absorption
34
After fatty acids and glycerol diffuse into the absorptive cells of the gastrointestinal tract, where are they secreted?
Lacteals
35
complex foods taken into GI tract
ingestion
36
group of processes that break complex nutrients into simpler ones
digestion
37
breakup of large chucks of food into smaller bits
mechanical digestion
38
breaks large molecules into smaller ones
chemical digestion
39
number of GI movements resulting from muscular contraction
motility
40
release of digestive juices and hormones that facilitate digestion
secretion
41
movement of digested nutrients into internal environment of the body
absorption
42
movement of residues of digestion out of alimentary canal
elimination
43
neural, hormonal, and other mechanisms that regulate digestive activity
regulation
44
inner hollow space of digestive tract
lumen
45
layer type varies on GI location causing mucus production
mucosa
46
connective tissues layer
submucosa
47
circular, longitudinal, oblique in stomach important in GI motility
muscularis
48
wavelike movement pushes material down tract
peristalsis
49
back and fourth mixing movement
segmentation
50
serous membrane covers outside of abdominal organs, attaches GI tract to wall of abdominopelvic cavity
serosa
51
folds in serosa
mesenteries
52
parts of maxillary and palatine bones
hard palate
53
arch shaped separating mouth from pharynx
soft palate
54
downward projection of soft palate helps in speech and swallowing (deglutition)
uvula
55
fold of mucosa helps anchor tongue
frenulum
56
cuspids
canines
57
bicuspids
premolars
58
tricuspids
molars
59
three main parts of tooth
crown
neck
root
60
covers crown, hardest tissue in the body
enamel
61
exocrine gland flows through salivary duct into mouth
saliva
62
in saliva, water mixture contains enzyme salivary amylase and
sodium biocarbonate
mucus
63
largest salivary gland produces saliva containing bicarbonate
parotid glands
64
ducts open on either side of lingual frenulum
submandibular glands
65
multiple ducts open into floor of mouth
sublingual glands
66
most involved in pharyngeal segment in deglutition
oropharynx
67
voluntary and involuntary centers regulate deglutition movements
cerebral cortex (voluntary)
deglutition center of brain stem (involuntary)
68
cardiac sphincter also called
lower esophageal sphincter
69
outpouched base of stomach
fundus
70
apex of stomach
pylorus
71
expands after large meal, size of large sausage when empty
stomach
72
many smooth muscle fibers in three layers contractions cause peristalsis in stomach
muscularis
73
microscopic gastric glands secrete juice enzymes, hydrochloride acid, and instructive factor in stomach
mucosa
74
muscle closes opening between pylorus (lower stomach) and duodenum
pyloric sphincter
75
stomach pushes through opening in diaphragm which may cause GERD
hiatal hernia
76
small intestine parts
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
77
site of chemical digestion
duodenum
78
digestion and absorption
small intestines
79
microscopic glands secrete water, enzymes and ions
intestinal glands
80
circular folds
plicae
81
finger shaped projections
intestinal villi
82
smooth muscle fibers contract to produce movements
motility
83
largest exocrine gland
liver
84
removes yellowish bile pigments form breakdown of old RBCs and located in right upper section of abdominal cavity and extends over to left side
liver
85
undersurface of liver, sac with folded interior
gallbadder
86
drains bile from liver
hepatic
87
duct by which bile enters and leaves gallbladder
cystic
88
union of hepatic and cystic duct into duodenum
common bile duct
89
accumulation of yellow bile pigments in blood
jaundice
90
endocrine cells not connected with pancreatic ducts and secrete glucagon and insulin into blood
pancreatic islets of langherhans
91
blind end pouch at beginning of large intestines where chyme enters through ileocecal valve
cecum
92
ascending transverse decending and sigmoid
colon
93
empties feces though anal cavity
rectum
94
helps digest nutrients produce vitamins and gases (flatulence or flatus)
microbiome flora
95
increased motility
diarrhea
96
decreased motility
constipation
97
elimination of feces, regulated by voluntary and involuntary sphincters
defacation
98
blind worm shaped tube off cecum
appendix
99
continuous serous membrane lining abdominal cavity and covering abdominal organs
peritoneum
100
lines abdominal cavity
parietal peritoneum
101
covers abdominal organs
visceral peritoneum
102
lies between parietal and visceral layers produces lubricating peritoneal serous fluid
peritoneal space
103
describes structures outside parietal peritoneum such as kidney
retroperitoneal
104
largest extensions in peritoneum
mesentary
greater omentum
105
lace apron that hangs down
greater omentum
106
attaches most of small intestine
mesentary
107
transforms, ingested food into nutrient substances that can be absorbed and used by cells
digestion
108
chewing mastification and swallowing deglutition
mechanical digestion
109
protein molecules that act as catalysts
enzymes
110
breakdown process of enzymes
hydrolysis
111
breaks polysaccharides down to disaccharides
pancreatic amylase
112
study of irregular shapes
fractal geometry
113
all cells perform metabolism, except _____ & ____ perform digestion
digestion & absorption
114
layer of wall of GI that produces peristalsis
muscularis
115
layer of wall of GI that has blood vessels and nerves
sub mucosa
116
innermost layer of GI
mucosa
117
outermost layer of GI
serosa
118
prevent material from entering the nasal cavity above the mouth when food is swallowed
uvula & soft palate
119
lymphatic vessel in the villi
lacteals
120
part of large intestine between ascending and descending colon
transverse colon
121
part of large intestine between the descending colon and rectum is called
sigmoid colon
122
The process by which digested nutrients are moved from the digestive system to the circulating fluids is called
absorption
123
bile has this effect on lipid droplets
emulsification
124
This enzyme is made in both the salivary gland in the pancreas and digests starch
amylase
125
this enzyme is made in the stomach in an inactive form and digests proteins
pepsin
126
This enzyme is made in the small intestine and digests proteins
peptidase
127
This enzyme is made in an inactive form in the pancreas and digests proteins
trypsin
128
This is the final products of carbohydrate digestion
simple sugars
129
This is the final and products of protein
amino acids
130
This gland produces bile
liver
131
this enzyme is made in the pancreas and digest lipid
lipase
132
This is one of the final and products of lipid digestion
glycerol and fatty acids
