Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 2 > chapter 14 > Flashcards

chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

defense mechanism referred to as “safety net” called

A

immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

substances that cannot enter or return through capillary walls, including excess fluid and protein molecules returned to the blood as

A

lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

lymph is transported to the blood stream by

A

lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

lymphatic system is an important partner of the

A

cardiovascular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the liquid or tissue fluid, goes back into the blood through the capillary membrane

A

interstitial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

fluid upon entering a network of tiny blind ended tubes distributed in tissue spaces called

A

lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the networks tiny vessels called that permit excess tissue fluid along with other substances such as dissolved protein molecules to leave tissue spaces

A

lymphatic capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

lymphatic and blood capillaries are microscopic and both formed from sheets that consist of a thin layer of simple squamous epithelium called

A

endothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

lymph flowing through the lymphatic capillaries next moves into successively larger vessels sometimes called

A

lymphatic venules or lymphatic veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

lymphatic venules and lymphatic veins empty into one of two terminal vessels called

A

right lymphatic duct & thoracic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

right lymphatic duct & thoracic duct return their lymph into

A

large veins in neck region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

enlarged pouch like structure which serves as temporary holding area for lymph moving towards its point of entry into veins

A

cisterna chyli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

lymphatic capillaries in wall of small intestine are

A

lacteals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

transports lipids obtained from food nutrients to bloodstream

A

lacteals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

lymph nodes, thymus, tonsils, and spleen

A

lymphoid organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

organs named lymphoid organs because

A

contains lymphoid tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

mass of developing lymphocytes and related cells supported in a fine mesh of reticular fibers

A

lymphoid tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

function of lymphatic and immune system

A

immunity & makes WBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

lymph travels from its origin in the tissue spaces toward thoracic or right lymphatic ducts and then into the venous blood, filtered by trickling through

A

lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

clusters along the pathways of lymphatic vessels

A

lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

lymph enters the node through one or more

A

afferent lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

lymph exits from the node through one or more

A

efferent lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

once lymph enters the node, it “percolates” slowly though the spaces called

A

sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

sinuses are surrounded by

A

nodules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

nodules are found in inner and outer layers of the node

A

outer cortex
inner medullary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

at the core of each nodule is where new cells are produced

A

germinal center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

small lymphoid tissue organ located in mediastinum and extending upward in midline of the neck

A

thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

composed of lymphocytes in a mesh like framework of reticular fibers

A

thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

largest at puberty

A

thymus gland or thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

cells critical to the functioning of immune system

A

T lymphocytes or T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

group of hormones created by the thymus called

A

thymosins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

hormones secreted by thymus that influence development of T cells

A

thymosins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

the thymus tissue is gradually replaced by fat and connective tissues a process called

A

involution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

masses of lymphoid tissue located in a protective ring under mucous membranes in the mouth and back of throat

A

tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

helps protect bacteria that may invade tissues in the area around the openings between nasal and oral cavities

A

tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

located on each side of the throat

A

palatine tonsils “the tonsils”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

lie near posterior opening of the nasal cavity

A

pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

near base of the tongue

A

lingual tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

serve as first line of defense from the exterior and subject to chronic infection

A

tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

largest lymphoid organ in the body

A

spleen

41
Q

high in upper left quadrant of abdomen, lateral to stomach, protected by lower ribs

A

spleen

42
Q

has a very large network of reservoir veins may contain over 1 pint of blood

A

spleen

43
Q

of spleen is damaged and bleeding, surgical removal called

A

splenectomy

44
Q

pulp like accumulations of lymphocytes

A

white pulp

45
Q

blood flows through ____, the spleen will filter bacteria

A

white pulp

46
Q

body’s overall defense system called

A

immune system

47
Q

immune system is not just organs but interactive network of many organs and billions of freely moving cells and trillions of molecules called

A

leukocytes or WBCs

48
Q

innate immunity also called

A

nonspecific immunity

49
Q

type of immunity confers general protection rather than protection from specific kinds

A

innate or nonspecific immunity

50
Q

responses are more rapid and referred to as first responders

A

innate or nonspecific immunity

51
Q

set of innate responses often occur in the body, triggers release of chemical mediators

A

inflammatory response

52
Q

molecules sent by cells for process of chemotaxis

A

cytokines

53
Q

characteristic signs of inflammation

A

heat
redness
pain
swelling

54
Q

a systemic inflammatory response, state of abnormally high temperatures

A

fever

55
Q

class of enzymes in blood plasma called

A

complement

56
Q

able to adapt to newly encountered “enemies”

A

adaptive immunity or specific immunity

57
Q

includes protective mechanisms that confer specific protection

A

adaptive or specific immunity

58
Q

adaptive or specific immunity includes a long term protective functions which allows immune system to effectively stop a second attack from same specific pathogen

A

immune memory

59
Q

a person exposed a second time to the same antigen can be

A

immune

60
Q

artificial exposure is the deliberate exposure of the body to potentially harmful agent

A

immunization

61
Q

immunity lasts much longer

A

active immunity

62
Q

results when immunity to a disease has developed in another individual or animal and is transferred to someone who was not previously sick

A

passive immunity

63
Q

mothers milk to her nursing infant

A

passive immunity

64
Q

when an individuals own immune system respond to an agent that produces an immune response regardless of whether that agent was naturally or artificially encountered

A

active immunity

65
Q

molecules critical to immune system functioning

A

cytokines
antibodies
complement

66
Q

chemicals release from cells to act as direct agents of innate or nonspecific immunity

A

cytokines

67
Q

critical to cell to cell communication

A

cytokines

68
Q

many of cytokines proteins are called

A

interleukins

69
Q

often involved in signaling both innate and adaptive mechanisms like producing fever in activating cells of adaptive specific immunity

A

interleukins

70
Q

class of proteins normally present in bodies

A

antibodies

71
Q

uniquely shaped concave regions

A

combining sites

72
Q

molecules that have small regions in their surfaces that fit into specific lock

A

antigen

73
Q

antibodies can produce _____ & ____ by affecting antigens in a way from prevention of harming the body

A

humoral immunity & antibody mediated immunity

74
Q

an antibody must first bind to specific antigen

A

antigen antibody complex

75
Q

the antigen antibody complexes may _____ the enemy cells and make them stick in clumps

A

agglutinate

76
Q

process of rapid fire cascade or sequence of events ending in donut shaped rings

A

complement cascade

77
Q

change shape to expose previously hidden regions so antibody can attach to antigen

A

complement binding sites

78
Q

group of enzymes normally present in an inactive state in blood

A

complement

79
Q

two important phagocytes

A

neutrophils
monocytes

80
Q

branch cells produced in bone marrow and released into blood and on skin, respiratory lining, and digestive lining

A

dendritic cells

81
Q

macrophages or dendritic cells ingest a cell or particle to remove its antigens and display some of them on cell surfaces

A

antigen presenting cells

82
Q

lymphocyte involved in innate immunity

A

natural killer cell

83
Q

lymphocyte agents of adaptive immunity

A

B cells & T cells

84
Q

group of lymphocytes kill tumor cells and viruses

A

natural killer cells

85
Q

process discovered in a bird organ called

A

bursa

86
Q

all lymphocytes that circulate in the tissues arise in the bone marrow

A

stem cells

87
Q

family of many identical cells

A

clone

88
Q

each clone of b cell

A

plasma cell & memory cells

89
Q

secrete huge numbers of antibodies called antibody factories

A

plasma cells

90
Q

remain in reserve in lymph nodes until contacted by same antigen

A

memory cells

91
Q

cells that function indirectly to produce humoral immunity

A

B cells

92
Q

released from thymus, into blood and migrate chiefly to lymph nodes where they resident

A

T cells

93
Q

immediately engage in immune response

A

effector T cells

94
Q

resistance to disease organisms that results from cells chiefly sensitized T cells

A

cell mediated immunity

95
Q

release a poison against abnormal cell

A

cytotoxic T cells

96
Q

produce their deadly effects indirectly by means of chemical signals

A

helper T cells

97
Q

help shut down an immune reaction

A

regulatory T cells

98
Q

release cytokines and activate B cells

A

helper T cells

A&P 2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions