chapter 14 Flashcards
defense mechanism referred to as “safety net” called
immune system
substances that cannot enter or return through capillary walls, including excess fluid and protein molecules returned to the blood as
lymph
lymph is transported to the blood stream by
lymphatic vessels
lymphatic system is an important partner of the
cardiovascular system
the liquid or tissue fluid, goes back into the blood through the capillary membrane
interstitial fluid
fluid upon entering a network of tiny blind ended tubes distributed in tissue spaces called
lymph
what is the networks tiny vessels called that permit excess tissue fluid along with other substances such as dissolved protein molecules to leave tissue spaces
lymphatic capillaries
lymphatic and blood capillaries are microscopic and both formed from sheets that consist of a thin layer of simple squamous epithelium called
endothelium
lymph flowing through the lymphatic capillaries next moves into successively larger vessels sometimes called
lymphatic venules or lymphatic veins
lymphatic venules and lymphatic veins empty into one of two terminal vessels called
right lymphatic duct & thoracic duct
right lymphatic duct & thoracic duct return their lymph into
large veins in neck region
enlarged pouch like structure which serves as temporary holding area for lymph moving towards its point of entry into veins
cisterna chyli
lymphatic capillaries in wall of small intestine are
lacteals
transports lipids obtained from food nutrients to bloodstream
lacteals
lymph nodes, thymus, tonsils, and spleen
lymphoid organs
organs named lymphoid organs because
contains lymphoid tissue
mass of developing lymphocytes and related cells supported in a fine mesh of reticular fibers
lymphoid tissue
function of lymphatic and immune system
immunity & makes WBCs
lymph travels from its origin in the tissue spaces toward thoracic or right lymphatic ducts and then into the venous blood, filtered by trickling through
lymph nodes
clusters along the pathways of lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
lymph enters the node through one or more
afferent lymphatic vessels
lymph exits from the node through one or more
efferent lymphatic vessels
once lymph enters the node, it “percolates” slowly though the spaces called
sinuses
sinuses are surrounded by
nodules
nodules are found in inner and outer layers of the node
outer cortex
inner medullary
at the core of each nodule is where new cells are produced
germinal center
small lymphoid tissue organ located in mediastinum and extending upward in midline of the neck
thymus
composed of lymphocytes in a mesh like framework of reticular fibers
thymus
largest at puberty
thymus gland or thymus
cells critical to the functioning of immune system
T lymphocytes or T cells
group of hormones created by the thymus called
thymosins
hormones secreted by thymus that influence development of T cells
thymosins
the thymus tissue is gradually replaced by fat and connective tissues a process called
involution
masses of lymphoid tissue located in a protective ring under mucous membranes in the mouth and back of throat
tonsils
helps protect bacteria that may invade tissues in the area around the openings between nasal and oral cavities
tonsils
located on each side of the throat
palatine tonsils “the tonsils”
lie near posterior opening of the nasal cavity
pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids
near base of the tongue
lingual tonsils
serve as first line of defense from the exterior and subject to chronic infection
tonsils
largest lymphoid organ in the body
spleen
high in upper left quadrant of abdomen, lateral to stomach, protected by lower ribs
spleen
has a very large network of reservoir veins may contain over 1 pint of blood
spleen
of spleen is damaged and bleeding, surgical removal called
splenectomy
pulp like accumulations of lymphocytes
white pulp
blood flows through ____, the spleen will filter bacteria
white pulp
body’s overall defense system called
immune system
immune system is not just organs but interactive network of many organs and billions of freely moving cells and trillions of molecules called
leukocytes or WBCs
innate immunity also called
nonspecific immunity
type of immunity confers general protection rather than protection from specific kinds
innate or nonspecific immunity
responses are more rapid and referred to as first responders
innate or nonspecific immunity
set of innate responses often occur in the body, triggers release of chemical mediators
inflammatory response
molecules sent by cells for process of chemotaxis
cytokines
characteristic signs of inflammation
heat
redness
pain
swelling
a systemic inflammatory response, state of abnormally high temperatures
fever
class of enzymes in blood plasma called
complement
able to adapt to newly encountered “enemies”
adaptive immunity or specific immunity
includes protective mechanisms that confer specific protection
adaptive or specific immunity
adaptive or specific immunity includes a long term protective functions which allows immune system to effectively stop a second attack from same specific pathogen
immune memory
a person exposed a second time to the same antigen can be
immune
artificial exposure is the deliberate exposure of the body to potentially harmful agent
immunization
immunity lasts much longer
active immunity
results when immunity to a disease has developed in another individual or animal and is transferred to someone who was not previously sick
passive immunity
mothers milk to her nursing infant
passive immunity
when an individuals own immune system respond to an agent that produces an immune response regardless of whether that agent was naturally or artificially encountered
active immunity
molecules critical to immune system functioning
cytokines
antibodies
complement
chemicals release from cells to act as direct agents of innate or nonspecific immunity
cytokines
critical to cell to cell communication
cytokines
many of cytokines proteins are called
interleukins
often involved in signaling both innate and adaptive mechanisms like producing fever in activating cells of adaptive specific immunity
interleukins
class of proteins normally present in bodies
antibodies
uniquely shaped concave regions
combining sites
molecules that have small regions in their surfaces that fit into specific lock
antigen
antibodies can produce _____ & ____ by affecting antigens in a way from prevention of harming the body
humoral immunity & antibody mediated immunity
an antibody must first bind to specific antigen
antigen antibody complex
the antigen antibody complexes may _____ the enemy cells and make them stick in clumps
agglutinate
process of rapid fire cascade or sequence of events ending in donut shaped rings
complement cascade
change shape to expose previously hidden regions so antibody can attach to antigen
complement binding sites
group of enzymes normally present in an inactive state in blood
complement
two important phagocytes
neutrophils
monocytes
branch cells produced in bone marrow and released into blood and on skin, respiratory lining, and digestive lining
dendritic cells
macrophages or dendritic cells ingest a cell or particle to remove its antigens and display some of them on cell surfaces
antigen presenting cells
lymphocyte involved in innate immunity
natural killer cell
lymphocyte agents of adaptive immunity
B cells & T cells
group of lymphocytes kill tumor cells and viruses
natural killer cells
process discovered in a bird organ called
bursa
all lymphocytes that circulate in the tissues arise in the bone marrow
stem cells
family of many identical cells
clone
each clone of b cell
plasma cell & memory cells
secrete huge numbers of antibodies called antibody factories
plasma cells
remain in reserve in lymph nodes until contacted by same antigen
memory cells
cells that function indirectly to produce humoral immunity
B cells
released from thymus, into blood and migrate chiefly to lymph nodes where they resident
T cells
immediately engage in immune response
effector T cells
resistance to disease organisms that results from cells chiefly sensitized T cells
cell mediated immunity
release a poison against abnormal cell
cytotoxic T cells
produce their deadly effects indirectly by means of chemical signals
helper T cells
help shut down an immune reaction
regulatory T cells
release cytokines and activate B cells
helper T cells
