chapter 14

Question 1

defense mechanism referred to as “safety net” called

Answer 1

immune system

Question 2

substances that cannot enter or return through capillary walls, including excess fluid and protein molecules returned to the blood as

Answer 2

lymph

Question 3

lymph is transported to the blood stream by

Answer 3

lymphatic vessels

Question 4

lymphatic system is an important partner of the

Answer 4

cardiovascular system

Question 5

the liquid or tissue fluid, goes back into the blood through the capillary membrane

Answer 5

interstitial fluid

Question 6

fluid upon entering a network of tiny blind ended tubes distributed in tissue spaces called

Answer 6

lymph

Question 7

what is the networks tiny vessels called that permit excess tissue fluid along with other substances such as dissolved protein molecules to leave tissue spaces

Answer 7

lymphatic capillaries

Question 8

lymphatic and blood capillaries are microscopic and both formed from sheets that consist of a thin layer of simple squamous epithelium called

Answer 8

endothelium

Question 9

lymph flowing through the lymphatic capillaries next moves into successively larger vessels sometimes called

Answer 9

lymphatic venules or lymphatic veins

Question 10

lymphatic venules and lymphatic veins empty into one of two terminal vessels called

Answer 10

right lymphatic duct & thoracic duct

Question 11

right lymphatic duct & thoracic duct return their lymph into

Answer 11

large veins in neck region

Question 12

enlarged pouch like structure which serves as temporary holding area for lymph moving towards its point of entry into veins

Answer 12

cisterna chyli

Question 13

lymphatic capillaries in wall of small intestine are

Answer 13

lacteals

Question 14

transports lipids obtained from food nutrients to bloodstream

Answer 14

lacteals

Question 15

lymph nodes, thymus, tonsils, and spleen

Answer 15

lymphoid organs

Question 16

organs named lymphoid organs because

Answer 16

contains lymphoid tissue

Question 17

mass of developing lymphocytes and related cells supported in a fine mesh of reticular fibers

Answer 17

lymphoid tissue

Question 18

function of lymphatic and immune system

Answer 18

immunity & makes WBCs

Question 19

lymph travels from its origin in the tissue spaces toward thoracic or right lymphatic ducts and then into the venous blood, filtered by trickling through

Answer 19

lymph nodes

Question 20

clusters along the pathways of lymphatic vessels

Answer 20

lymph nodes

Question 21

lymph enters the node through one or more

Answer 21

afferent lymphatic vessels

Question 22

lymph exits from the node through one or more

Answer 22

efferent lymphatic vessels

Question 23

once lymph enters the node, it “percolates” slowly though the spaces called

Answer 23

sinuses

Question 24

sinuses are surrounded by

Answer 24

nodules

Question 25

nodules are found in inner and outer layers of the node

Answer 25

outer cortex inner medullary

Question 26

at the core of each nodule is where new cells are produced

Answer 26

germinal center

Question 27

small lymphoid tissue organ located in mediastinum and extending upward in midline of the neck

Answer 27

thymus

Question 28

composed of lymphocytes in a mesh like framework of reticular fibers

Answer 28

thymus

Question 29

largest at puberty

Answer 29

thymus gland or thymus

Question 30

cells critical to the functioning of immune system

Answer 30

T lymphocytes or T cells

Question 31

group of hormones created by the thymus called

Answer 31

thymosins

Question 32

hormones secreted by thymus that influence development of T cells

Answer 32

thymosins

Question 33

the thymus tissue is gradually replaced by fat and connective tissues a process called

Answer 33

involution

Question 34

masses of lymphoid tissue located in a protective ring under mucous membranes in the mouth and back of throat

Answer 34

tonsils

Question 35

helps protect bacteria that may invade tissues in the area around the openings between nasal and oral cavities

Answer 35

tonsils

Question 36

located on each side of the throat

Answer 36

palatine tonsils "the tonsils"

Question 37

lie near posterior opening of the nasal cavity

Answer 37

pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids

Question 38

near base of the tongue

Answer 38

lingual tonsils

Question 39

serve as first line of defense from the exterior and subject to chronic infection

Answer 39

tonsils

Question 40

largest lymphoid organ in the body

Answer 40

spleen

Question 41

high in upper left quadrant of abdomen, lateral to stomach, protected by lower ribs

Answer 41

spleen

Question 42

has a very large network of reservoir veins may contain over 1 pint of blood

Answer 42

spleen

Question 43

of spleen is damaged and bleeding, surgical removal called

Answer 43

splenectomy

Question 44

pulp like accumulations of lymphocytes

Answer 44

white pulp

Question 45

blood flows through ____, the spleen will filter bacteria

Answer 45

white pulp

Question 46

body's overall defense system called

Answer 46

immune system

Question 47

immune system is not just organs but interactive network of many organs and billions of freely moving cells and trillions of molecules called

Answer 47

leukocytes or WBCs

Question 48

innate immunity also called

Answer 48

nonspecific immunity

Question 49

type of immunity confers general protection rather than protection from specific kinds

Answer 49

innate or nonspecific immunity

Question 50

responses are more rapid and referred to as first responders

Answer 50

innate or nonspecific immunity

Question 51

set of innate responses often occur in the body, triggers release of chemical mediators

Answer 51

inflammatory response

Question 52

molecules sent by cells for process of chemotaxis

Answer 52

cytokines

Question 53

characteristic signs of inflammation

Answer 53

heat redness pain swelling

Question 54

a systemic inflammatory response, state of abnormally high temperatures

Answer 54

fever

Question 55

class of enzymes in blood plasma called

Answer 55

complement

Question 56

able to adapt to newly encountered "enemies"

Answer 56

adaptive immunity or specific immunity

Question 57

includes protective mechanisms that confer specific protection

Answer 57

adaptive or specific immunity

Question 58

adaptive or specific immunity includes a long term protective functions which allows immune system to effectively stop a second attack from same specific pathogen

Answer 58

immune memory

Question 59

a person exposed a second time to the same antigen can be

Answer 59

immune

Question 60

artificial exposure is the deliberate exposure of the body to potentially harmful agent

Answer 60

immunization

Question 61

immunity lasts much longer

Answer 61

active immunity

Question 62

results when immunity to a disease has developed in another individual or animal and is transferred to someone who was not previously sick

Answer 62

passive immunity

Question 63

mothers milk to her nursing infant

Answer 63

passive immunity

Question 64

when an individuals own immune system respond to an agent that produces an immune response regardless of whether that agent was naturally or artificially encountered

Answer 64

active immunity

Question 65

molecules critical to immune system functioning

Answer 65

cytokines antibodies complement

Question 66

chemicals release from cells to act as direct agents of innate or nonspecific immunity

Answer 66

cytokines

Question 67

critical to cell to cell communication

Answer 67

cytokines

Question 68

many of cytokines proteins are called

Answer 68

interleukins

Question 69

often involved in signaling both innate and adaptive mechanisms like producing fever in activating cells of adaptive specific immunity

Answer 69

interleukins

Question 70

class of proteins normally present in bodies

Answer 70

antibodies

Question 71

uniquely shaped concave regions

Answer 71

combining sites

Question 72

molecules that have small regions in their surfaces that fit into specific lock

Answer 72

antigen

Question 73

antibodies can produce _____ & ____ by affecting antigens in a way from prevention of harming the body

Answer 73

humoral immunity & antibody mediated immunity

Question 74

an antibody must first bind to specific antigen

Answer 74

antigen antibody complex

Question 75

the antigen antibody complexes may _____ the enemy cells and make them stick in clumps

Answer 75

agglutinate

Question 76

process of rapid fire cascade or sequence of events ending in donut shaped rings

Answer 76

complement cascade

Question 77

change shape to expose previously hidden regions so antibody can attach to antigen

Answer 77

complement binding sites

Question 78

group of enzymes normally present in an inactive state in blood

Answer 78

complement

Question 79

two important phagocytes

Answer 79

neutrophils monocytes

Question 80

branch cells produced in bone marrow and released into blood and on skin, respiratory lining, and digestive lining

Answer 80

dendritic cells

Question 81

macrophages or dendritic cells ingest a cell or particle to remove its antigens and display some of them on cell surfaces

Answer 81

antigen presenting cells

Question 82

lymphocyte involved in innate immunity

Answer 82

natural killer cell

Question 83

lymphocyte agents of adaptive immunity

Answer 83

B cells & T cells

Question 84

group of lymphocytes kill tumor cells and viruses

Answer 84

natural killer cells

Question 85

process discovered in a bird organ called

Answer 85

bursa

Question 86

all lymphocytes that circulate in the tissues arise in the bone marrow

Answer 86

stem cells

Question 87

family of many identical cells

Answer 87

clone

Question 88

each clone of b cell

Answer 88

plasma cell & memory cells

Question 89

secrete huge numbers of antibodies called antibody factories

Answer 89

plasma cells

Question 90

remain in reserve in lymph nodes until contacted by same antigen

Answer 90

memory cells

Question 91

cells that function indirectly to produce humoral immunity

Answer 91

B cells

Question 92

released from thymus, into blood and migrate chiefly to lymph nodes where they resident

Answer 92

T cells

Question 93

immediately engage in immune response

Answer 93

effector T cells

Question 94

resistance to disease organisms that results from cells chiefly sensitized T cells

Answer 94

cell mediated immunity

Question 95

release a poison against abnormal cell

Answer 95

cytotoxic T cells

Question 96

produce their deadly effects indirectly by means of chemical signals

Answer 96

helper T cells

Question 97

help shut down an immune reaction

Answer 97

regulatory T cells

Question 98

release cytokines and activate B cells

Answer 98

helper T cells