Mid-Semester Test Revision

Question 1

Describe the venous drainage of the heart

Answer 1

Left side: Great cardiac vein
Posterior/inferior (alongside PDA): Middle cardiac vein
Right side: Small cardiac veins

Question 2

Describe neurohumoral factors that control coronary artery flow

Answer 2

• Adrenaline
• Noradrenaline
• Acetylcholine

Question 3

List some endothelial factors that play a role in coronary autoregulation

Answer 3

• Endothelin
• PGI2
• Nitric oxide

Question 4

Relationship between resistance and conductance

Answer 4

They are the reciprocal of one another

Question 5

Describe some factors that determine coronary blood flow

Answer 5

• Coronary venous PO2 (higher, less flow)
• Heart rate (higher, more flow)

Question 6

List some metabolic factors that influence coronary vasomotor tone

Answer 6

• pH
• Adenosine
• K+

Question 7

Effect of B2 activation on coronary arteries

Answer 7

Dilate

Question 8

Effect of alpha receptor activation on coronary vessels

Answer 8

Constrict

Question 9

Describe the migration of monocytes during atherosclerosis development

Answer 9

• Selectins slow
• While rolling, hits cchemokines
• Activates integrins
• Binds to VCAM/ICAM
• Transendothelial migration
• Becomes macrophage

Question 10

How many true ribs are there on either side? Which are they?

Answer 10

T1-T7 (7)

Question 11

How many false ribs are there on either side? Which are they? (not including floating ribs)

Answer 11

T8-T10 (3)

Question 12

How many floating ribs are there on either side? Which are they?

Answer 12

T11-T12 (2)

Question 13

List the four divisions of the mediastinum

Answer 13

Anterior, posterior, middle, superior

Question 14

There is a transverse line that passes between the superior mediastinum and the other subdivisions. Where does it cut through anteriorly and posteriorly?

Answer 14

Anterior: Sternal angle
Posterior: T4/T5 intervertebral disc

Question 15

List the five stages of change

Answer 15

1. Pre-contemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation-action
4. Maintenance
5. Relapse

Question 16

Pectinate muscles vs trabeculae carnae

Answer 16

Pectinate: Atria
Tabecuale carnae: ventricles

Question 17

Explain the diving reflex and its utility

Answer 17

• When the face comes into contact with water, heart rate slows down
• Blood is also redirected to vital organs, helping to preserve temp
• This allows the body to conserve oxygen, helping us to stay underwater for longer

Question 18

Response of blood pressure and heart rate to exercise

Answer 18

• Increased sympathetic innervation (increased heart rate, vasodilation of muscles, constriction of others)
• Increased cardiac output (frank starling mechanism)

Question 19

Mitral stenosis murmur sound

Answer 19

Lub Dub Durrrr

Loud S1 (thick mitral valve)
Low, mid-diastolic rumble because blood is slowly moving through

Question 20

Mitral regurgitation murmur sound

Answer 20

Pan-systolic murmur

BURRRRRRR

Happens whole way through systole (high pitched due to high velocity)

Question 21

Where does a mitral regurgitation murmur radiate?

Answer 21

Left axilla

Question 22

Aortic stenosis murmur

Answer 22

Ejection systolic murmur

High pitched (high velocity)

Crescendo-decrescendo due to speed of blood flow

BURRR DUB

Question 23

Where does aortic stenosis murmur radiate?

Answer 23

Carotids

Question 24

Aortic regurgitation murmur

Answer 24

LUB TARRRR

Early diastolic murmur

Question 25

How far above the clavicle does the parietal pleura reach?

Answer 25

2.5cm (subversion of multi-choice theory)

Question 26

Cardiac blues vs depression

Answer 26

Cardiac blues: sudden changes in mood following cardiac event
Depression: Mental condition involving depressed mood or loss of pleasure/interest

Question 27

According to the duke criteria, how many major/minor criteria do you need to be diagnosed?

Answer 27

• 2 Major, 1 Minor
• 1 Major, 3 Minor
• 5 Minor