H&S: Definitive Collection Flashcards
How long after Strep A infection can ARF develop?
2-3 weeks
Correlation between country income and RHD incidence
Inverse (more common in poorer)
Correlation between age and RHD incidence
Inverse (more common in younger)
Is RHD more common in men or women?
Women
Are people more likely to develop RHD or ARF younger?
ARF
Are indigrenous or non-indigenous people more likley to develop ARF and RHD?
Indigenous (>60 times higher prevalence)
List three important Social Determinants of
Health for RHD
- Crowding
- Socioeconomic status
- Dwelling characteristics
Primary ARF prevention
- Antibiotics
- Develop vaccine
Secondary ARF prevention
- Improve awareness and diagnosis
- Regular antiobitcs for people at risk
Tertiary RHD prevention
- Medications
- Access to surgery
Primordial ARF/RHD prevention
- Reduction in poverty
- Improved access to healthcare
List three important Social Determinants of
Health for RHD
- Crowding
- Socioeconomic status
- Dwelling characteristics
Outline some roles of epidemiology
- Detect when/how many cases of disease
- Monitoring and surveillance
- Contribute to development of preventative programs
What percentage of all deaths in 2020 arose from CHD?
10%
What is the leading cause of death and disease burden in Australia?
CHD
Which groups are more at risk for CHD, including hospitalisation, dying, disease burden
- Indigenous people
- Remote communities
- Lower socioeconomic areas
Are men or women more likely to be hospitalised for AF?
Men
Is the DALY (disease adjusted life years) burden of AF increasing or decreasing? What are three factors contributing to this?
- It is increasing
- This is due to:
- Population growth
- Population ageing
- More AF cases
Why does improved survival rates of CVD increase AF cases?
Because people are more likely to survive longer and develop AF
Describe the risk factors for coronary heart disease
- Age
- Sex
- Hypertension
- Hypercholesterolaemia
- Smoking
- Diet
- Low HDL cholesterol
- Obesity
Risk factors for AF
- Hypertension
- Coronary heart disease
- Valvular heart disease
How does smoking affect the lungs?
Impairs the pulmonary and immune function. Impairs function, and can cause conditions such as COPD and cancer
How does smoking influence clearance rate of particles in the lungs? How?
It decreases it, by decreasing the effectiveness of the mucocilliary escalator
How does smoking increase risk of infection?
- Increasing reliance on coughing to clear infection
- Retention of particles, leading to infection
- Impairs innate immune system and prompts inflammation
How does smoking impact lung function?
- Triggers inflammatory response that leads to destruction of functional lung tissue
What percentage of long-term smokers will develop COPD?
15-20%
There is one way to reduce loss of lung function for smokers with COPD. What is it?
Smoking cessation
What is the most common cancer in the world?
Lung cancer
Are men or women more likely to smoke overall?
Men
What is the correlation between education and income status and smoking?
Lower income and education corresponds with higher rates of smoking
Effect of mental illness on smoking rate
Increased prevalence
Effect of age on smoking status
Middle ages smoke the most, youngest and oldest smoke less
Are indigenous people more likely to smoke than non indigenous people?
Yes
How does smoking DRIVE social inequality?
- Disparity in mortality rates
- High cost of cigarettes
Describe some ways in which health policy contributed to the effectiveness of smoking prevention
- Taxation and pricing (leveraging price sensitivity)
- Public education campaigns (reduce social proof)
- Advertising and sponsorship bans
- Smoke-free areas
- Support for quitting
- Health warnings on packaging
How do media prevention campaigns act at an individual and social level to decrease smoking?
Individual: Prompt quitting by conveying downsides
Population: Decrease social proof
Upstream vs downstream public health factors
Upstream: macroscopic factors that influence health outcomes
Downstream: providing equitable access to care
What are targeted strategies in the context of public health?
Interventions that target a specific subsection of the population based on demographic, behaviour, or other such criteria (as opposed to the whole population).
What is planetary health?
Health of mankind and the natural systems on which it depends
What is climate change?
- Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns
- It can be natural, due to natural changes, or human-induced, such as in the burning of fossil fuels
How can climate change increase risk of haematological pathology?
- Disruption of natural resources -> economic disparity -> risk factor for anaemia
- Reduced crop yields and, in some instances, reduced iron content due to increased temp/CO2 concentrations, a risk factor for iron deficiency anaemia
Climate change mitigation vs adaptation
Mitigation: stopping
Adaptation: adjusting to consequences of
Climate change mitigation strategies
- Renewable energy sources
- Public transport/cycling to work
- Taxing non-renewable energy
Climate change adaptation strategies
- Diversifying crops to ensure solid food supply
- Preparing supply chains and transport systems to better withstand extreme weather events
List some ways in which climate change is threatening the population
- Rising sea level -> people displaced (refugees)
- Decreased food security caused by altered crop yields
- Increased natural disasters
What are some sources of greenhouse gas?
- Livestock
- Transport
- Industry/Energy
- Health care
