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Medical Studies 1 > H&S: Definitive Collection > Flashcards

H&S: Definitive Collection Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

How long after Strep A infection can ARF develop?

A

2-3 weeks

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2
Q

Correlation between country income and RHD incidence

A

Inverse (more common in poorer)

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3
Q

Correlation between age and RHD incidence

A

Inverse (more common in younger)

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4
Q

Is RHD more common in men or women?

A

Women

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5
Q

Are people more likely to develop RHD or ARF younger?

A

ARF

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6
Q

Are indigrenous or non-indigenous people more likley to develop ARF and RHD?

A

Indigenous (>60 times higher prevalence)

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7
Q

List three important Social Determinants of
Health for RHD

A
  • Crowding
  • Socioeconomic status
  • Dwelling characteristics
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8
Q

Primary ARF prevention

A
  • Antibiotics
  • Develop vaccine
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9
Q

Secondary ARF prevention

A
  • Improve awareness and diagnosis
  • Regular antiobitcs for people at risk
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10
Q

Tertiary RHD prevention

A
  • Medications
  • Access to surgery
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11
Q

Primordial ARF/RHD prevention

A
  • Reduction in poverty
  • Improved access to healthcare
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12
Q

List three important Social Determinants of
Health for RHD

A
  • Crowding
  • Socioeconomic status
  • Dwelling characteristics
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13
Q

Outline some roles of epidemiology

A
  • Detect when/how many cases of disease
  • Monitoring and surveillance
  • Contribute to development of preventative programs
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14
Q

What percentage of all deaths in 2020 arose from CHD?

A

10%

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15
Q

What is the leading cause of death and disease burden in Australia?

A

CHD

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16
Q

Which groups are more at risk for CHD, including hospitalisation, dying, disease burden

A
  • Indigenous people
  • Remote communities
  • Lower socioeconomic areas
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17
Q

Are men or women more likely to be hospitalised for AF?

A

Men

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18
Q

Is the DALY (disease adjusted life years) burden of AF increasing or decreasing? What are three factors contributing to this?

A
  • It is increasing
  • This is due to:
    1. Population growth
    2. Population ageing
    3. More AF cases
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19
Q

Why does improved survival rates of CVD increase AF cases?

A

Because people are more likely to survive longer and develop AF

20
Q

Describe the risk factors for coronary heart disease

A
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Hypertension
  • Hypercholesterolaemia
  • Smoking
  • Diet
  • Low HDL cholesterol
  • Obesity
21
Q

Risk factors for AF

A
  • Hypertension
  • Coronary heart disease
  • Valvular heart disease
22
Q

How does smoking affect the lungs?

A

Impairs the pulmonary and immune function. Impairs function, and can cause conditions such as COPD and cancer

23
Q

How does smoking influence clearance rate of particles in the lungs? How?

A

It decreases it, by decreasing the effectiveness of the mucocilliary escalator

24
Q

How does smoking increase risk of infection?

A
  • Increasing reliance on coughing to clear infection
  • Retention of particles, leading to infection
  • Impairs innate immune system and prompts inflammation
25
Q

How does smoking impact lung function?

A
  • Triggers inflammatory response that leads to destruction of functional lung tissue
26
Q

What percentage of long-term smokers will develop COPD?

A

15-20%

27
Q

There is one way to reduce loss of lung function for smokers with COPD. What is it?

A

Smoking cessation

28
Q

What is the most common cancer in the world?

A

Lung cancer

29
Q

Are men or women more likely to smoke overall?

A

Men

30
Q

What is the correlation between education and income status and smoking?

A

Lower income and education corresponds with higher rates of smoking

31
Q

Effect of mental illness on smoking rate

A

Increased prevalence

32
Q

Effect of age on smoking status

A

Middle ages smoke the most, youngest and oldest smoke less

33
Q

Are indigenous people more likely to smoke than non indigenous people?

A

Yes

34
Q

How does smoking DRIVE social inequality?

A
  • Disparity in mortality rates
  • High cost of cigarettes
35
Q

Describe some ways in which health policy contributed to the effectiveness of smoking prevention

A
  1. Taxation and pricing (leveraging price sensitivity)
  2. Public education campaigns (reduce social proof)
  3. Advertising and sponsorship bans
  4. Smoke-free areas
  5. Support for quitting
  6. Health warnings on packaging
36
Q

How do media prevention campaigns act at an individual and social level to decrease smoking?

A

Individual: Prompt quitting by conveying downsides
Population: Decrease social proof

37
Q

Upstream vs downstream public health factors

A

Upstream: macroscopic factors that influence health outcomes
Downstream: providing equitable access to care

38
Q

What are targeted strategies in the context of public health?

A

Interventions that target a specific subsection of the population based on demographic, behaviour, or other such criteria (as opposed to the whole population).

39
Q

What is planetary health?

A

Health of mankind and the natural systems on which it depends

40
Q

What is climate change?

A
  • Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns
  • It can be natural, due to natural changes, or human-induced, such as in the burning of fossil fuels
41
Q

How can climate change increase risk of haematological pathology?

A
  • Disruption of natural resources -> economic disparity -> risk factor for anaemia
  • Reduced crop yields and, in some instances, reduced iron content due to increased temp/CO2 concentrations, a risk factor for iron deficiency anaemia
42
Q

Climate change mitigation vs adaptation

A

Mitigation: stopping
Adaptation: adjusting to consequences of

43
Q

Climate change mitigation strategies

A
  • Renewable energy sources
  • Public transport/cycling to work
  • Taxing non-renewable energy
44
Q

Climate change adaptation strategies

A
  • Diversifying crops to ensure solid food supply
  • Preparing supply chains and transport systems to better withstand extreme weather events
45
Q

List some ways in which climate change is threatening the population

A
  • Rising sea level -> people displaced (refugees)
  • Decreased food security caused by altered crop yields
  • Increased natural disasters
46
Q

What are some sources of greenhouse gas?

A
  • Livestock
  • Transport
  • Industry/Energy
  • Health care

Medical Studies 1 (90 decks)

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