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metabolism > micronutrients > Flashcards

micronutrients Flashcards

1
Q

what are micronutrients?

A

vitamins and tracelements

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2
Q

what are the roles of micronutrients?

A 
cofactors
coenzymes
antioxidants
genetic control
structure
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3
Q

what are cofactors? give an example

A

non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion required for a protein’s biological activity to happen. E.g. iron/zinc

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4
Q

what are coenzymes? give an example

A

Small non-protein organic molecule. Cannot by themselves catalyze a reaction but they help enzymes to do so. E.g. thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP

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5
Q

what are antioxidants? give an example

A

inhibits the oxidation of other molecules. E.g. beta-carotene/vitamin C

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6
Q

give examples of micronutrients involved in genetic control?

A

vitamins A and D

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7
Q

how are micronutrients involved in structure? give examples

A

Phospholipids form complexes with both Mg” and Ca”. These complexes are integral parts of the various membranes in the cell

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8
Q

why are micronutrients needed in children?

A

needed for energy supply and body growth and development

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9
Q

what does the recommended dietary allowance define?

A

how many micronutrients we need

limits for deficiency and toxicity

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10
Q

how do fat-soluble vitamins enter the portal circulation?

A

micelle –> chylomicron to get into the intestinal lining –> portal circulation

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11
Q

how do water soluble vitamins enter the portal circulation?

A

directly through the intestinal lining

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12
Q

give examples of fat soluble vitamins?

A

A D E K

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13
Q

give examples of water soluble vitamins?

A

B, folate, biotin, C

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14
Q

can fat soluble vitamins be stored?

A

yes

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15
Q

can water soluble vitamins be stored?

A

no

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16
Q

what happens to excess fat soluble vitamins?

A

become toxic

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17
Q

what happens to excess water soluble vitamins?

A

excreted in the urine

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18
Q

what are the causes of vitamin deficiency in developed countries?

A

decreased intake of vitamins
decreased absorption
others - renal disease or drug antagonists

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19
Q

what can cause a decreased intake of vitamins?

A 
alcohol dependency - lack of vitB1
small bowel disease - B9
vegans - vitD and B12
elderly w poor diet - D
anorexia - folate
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20
Q

what can cause decreased absorption of vitamins?

A

ileal disease - only B12
liver and biliary tract disease - fat soluble vitamins
intestinal bacteria overgrowth - B12
oral antibiotics - K

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21
Q

what is the clinical feature and contributing factor to deficiency in vitamin A

A

Infection, measles, protein-energy malnutrition

Xerophthalmia

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22
Q

what is the clinical feature and contributing factor to deficiency in vitamin D

A

Aging, lack of sunlight

Rickets, oestomalacia

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23
Q

what is the clinical feature and contributing factor to deficiency in vitamin E

A

Antibiotic use

peripheral neuropathy

24
Q

what is the clinical feature and contributing factor to deficiency in vitamin K

A

antibiotic use

coagulpathy

25
Q

what is the clinical feature and contributing factor to deficiency in vitamin C

A

smoking

scurvy

26
Q

what is the clinical feature and contributing factor to deficiency in vitamin B1

A

Concommittant Vitamin B6, B12 & folate deficiency

beri beri

27
Q

what is the clinical feature and contributing factor to deficiency in vitamin B2

A

malabsorption

Magenta tongue, angular stomatitis

28
Q

what is the clinical feature and contributing factor to deficiency in vitamin B3

A

Vitamin B6 deficiency, riboflavin deficiency

pellagra

29
Q

what is the clinical feature and contributing factor to deficiency in vitamin B6

A

Isoniazid use

anaemia

30
Q

what is the clinical feature and contributing factor to deficiency in vitamin B12

A

Gastric atrophy (pernicious anemia),
terminal ileal disease, strict
vegetarianism

anaemia

31
Q

what is the clinical feature and contributing factor to deficiency in folate

A

Sulfasalazine, pyrimethamine, triamterene

anaemia

32
Q

what is kwashiorkor disease?

A

a severe form of malnutrition caused by lack of dietary protein

33
Q

what is marasmus?

A

a severe form of malnutrition that occurs in children. causes muscle wasting/protein loss

34
Q

why is nutrition important?

A

Impaired wound healing and immune response

Reduced muscle strength

Inactivity leads to pressure sores and thromboembolism

Increased risk of postoperative complications

Depression and self-neglect

35
Q

what does iron deficiency lead to?

A

anaemia, lethargy and constitutional disturbance

microcytic anaemia, lethargy and fatigue, cognitive impairment in children

36
Q

what is iron needed for?

A

oxygen transport in haemoglobin and myoglobin function in skeletal muscle

37
Q

where is iron absorbed?

A

upper small bowel

38
Q

how and where is iron stored?

A

stored in liver and bone marrow as ferritin

39
Q

what does iron excess lead to?

A

haemochromatosis, lethargy and fatigue, abdominal and joint pain, reduced libido, bronzing of skin, diabetes, cirrhosis

40
Q

what lifestyle factors contribute to vitamin D deficiency?

A

obesity, smoking, alcohol and exercise

41
Q

what disease factors contribute to vitamin D deficiency?

A

reduced skin synthesis, decreased bioavailability, drug-related, increased excretion, acquired (e.g. TB)

42
Q

what does rickets lead to?

A

growth retardation and the expansion of the growth plate

43
Q

what is osteomalacia?

A

reduced bone strength

44
Q

what does osteomalacia lead to?

A

increase in bone fracture, bone pain, bending of bones, muscle weakness and waddling gait

45
Q

what does thiamine deficiency lead to?

A

Wernicke’s Encephalopathy and Korsakoffs Psychosis

46
Q

what is thiamine?

A

vitamin B1

47
Q

where is thiamine absorbed?

A

jejunum

48
Q

what is thiamine used for?

A

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, BCAA metabolism, pentose phosphate cycle metabolism

49
Q

which vitamin is niacin and where is it absorbed?

A

B3

jejunum

50
Q

what is niacin a generic name for?

A

nicotinic acid and nicotinamide

51
Q

what can cause niacin deficiency?

A

Vegetarian diet
o Hartnup’s disease - Congenital defects of intestinal and kidney absorption of tryptophan
o Carcinoid syndrome - Increased conversion of tryptophan to Serotonin
o Isoniazid use - TB treatment

52
Q

what are early symptoms of pellagra?

A

loss of appetite, generalised weakness, irritability, abdominal pain, vomiting and bright-red glossitis

53
Q

what are late symptoms of pellagra?

A

Casal’s necklace, vaginitis, oesophagitis, diarrhoea, depression and seizures

54
Q

what is Casal’s necklace?

A

skin rash particularly in areas exposed to sunlight

55
Q

what are the 4 Ds of pellagra?

A

dermatitis, diarrhoea, dementia , death

56
Q

what does folate deficiency cause in foetuses?

A

neural tube defects

57
Q

what can cause a B12 deficiency?

A 
Inadequate intake: vegans
Disorders of terminal ileum
Defective release of cobalamin from food
Inadequate production of IF
Transcobalamin II deficiency (rare)
Congenital enzyme defects (rare)

metabolism (23 decks)

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