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metabolism > body fluids > Flashcards

body fluids Flashcards

1
Q

from what methods can our bodies gain water?

A

food - 30%
drink - 60%
metabolism - 10%

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2
Q

what is the total body fluid of a 70kg man?

A

42L - 60% of body weight

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3
Q

what percentage of body fluid is the ECF and ICF?

A

ECF - 20%

ICF - 40%

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4
Q

what ions are mainly found in the ECF and ICF?

A

ECF - Na+, Cl- and HCO3-

ICF - K+ and PO4^3-

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5
Q

what are the major solutes contributing to osmolality?

A

Na+, Cl-, Glucose & urea

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6
Q

what are solutes?

A

inorganic salts

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7
Q

how can solutes be classified?

A

o Electrolytes – inorganic salts (ie: Na+, K+, Cl-)

o Non electrolytes

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8
Q

which has more osmotic power; electrolytes or non-electrolytes?

A

electrolytes

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9
Q

what is osmotic pressure?

A

the process that controls movement of solvents (water) across a membrane

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10
Q

define osmolarity

A

measure of solute concentration expressed as the number of osmoles (Osm) of solute per litre of solution

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11
Q

what factors affect osmolarity and why?

A

pressure and temperature bc these can affect volume

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12
Q

define osmolality

A

the measure of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent – Osm/kg

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13
Q

what is the normal range for plasma osmolality?

A

280-300mOsm/Kg

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14
Q

which is used in clinical labs; osmolality or osmolarity?

A

osmolality

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15
Q

what are the two forces that control the equilibrium int he ECF and how are these generated?

A

hydrostatic pressure - force produced by the heart pumping

oncotic pressure - proteins in the plasma

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16
Q

what are the main forms of transport in a cell?

A

simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport

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17
Q

what is the major determinant of plasma and ECF osmolality?

A

sodium

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18
Q

what parts of the brain control the CNS and the thirst mechanism?

A

Subfornical Organ (SFO) and the Organum Vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT

19
Q

where is ADH released from?

A

posterior pituitary gland

20
Q

when is ADH released?

A

increased plasma osmolality

decreased plasma volume

21
Q

what receptor detects plasma osmolality?

A

osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus

22
Q

what receptors detect plasma volume?

A

baroreceptors of the great veins and right atrium

23
Q

what effect does ADH have on collecting ducts?

A

makes collecting duct cells more permeable to water –> increases water reabsorption

24
Q

what effect does ADH have on urine output?

A

Low ADH levels  dilute urine and reduced volume of body fluids

High ADH levels  concentrated urine

25
Q

what factors can trigger ADH release?

A

prolonged fever, excessive sweating, vomiting, or diarrhea, severe blood loss and traumatic burns

26
Q

what cells do ADH target?

A

aquaporins

27
Q

where is aldosterone released from?

A

adrenal cortex

28
Q

what triggers aldosterone release?

A

reduced sodium

increased potassium

29
Q

what cells are the target of aldosterone?

A

• Na+/K+ ATPase and epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC)

30
Q

what hormone is released in response to low plasma volume?

A

ADH

31
Q

what hormone is released in response to plasma osmolality changes?

A

aldosterone

32
Q

what hormone is released when there is high plasma volume?

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

33
Q

where is ANP released from?

A

cardiac atria

34
Q

what triggers the release of ANP?

A

increased blood volume which stretches the atria

35
Q

what hormones control plasma osmolality and volume?

A

ADH
angiotensin II
aldosterone
ANP

36
Q

how much water is reabsorbed in the PCT?

A

80%

37
Q

in a healthy individual, what should the 24 hour urine osmolality be?

A

500 and 800 mOsm/kg

38
Q

after 12-14 hours of fluid intake restriction, what should the urine osmolality be?

A

over 800mOsm/kg

39
Q

what conditions arise as a result of failures of body fluid balance?

A

dehydration
water intoxication
oedema

40
Q

in what people is dehydration common?

A

very young and elderly people

41
Q

what causes water intoxication?

A

too much water too quickly

urine blockage

42
Q

what is an oedema?

A

Swelling of the tissue due to accumulation of fluid in ECF

43
Q

what are the four main causes of oedema?

A
  1. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure - capillary hydrostatic pressure > Osmotic pressure = fluid leave the capillary.
  2. Loss of plasma proteins
  3. Obstruction of lymphatic circulation
  4. Increased capillary permeability (inflammation)

metabolism (23 decks)

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