Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

metabolism > liver metabolism > Flashcards

liver metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

what circulation drains the gut?

A

portal circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is a hepatic lobule?

A

structural unit of the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how does blood enter a hepatic lobule?

A

enters via portal venule and the hepatic arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how does all dietary carbohydrate reach the liver?

A

as glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is sucrose broken down into?

A

fructose and glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is lactose broken down into?

A

galactose and glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is starch broken down into?

A

maltose and glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is glycogenesis?

A

glucose –> glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is glycogenolysis?

A

breaking down of glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

in the presence of oxygen, what process does glucose feed into?

A

Krebs cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how can hepatocytes generate glucose?

A

gluconeogenesis from materials such as lactate, pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the functions of insulin?

A

Counteracted by glucagon.
Promotes glycogen synthesis
Suppresses gluconeogenesis
Accelerates glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are essential amino acids?

A

need to be taken up through diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is transamination?

A

transfer of amino group to keto-acid catalysed by transaminase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are alanine and aspirate aminotransferases indicators of?

A

hepatic injury

when hepatocytes die they release this enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is deamination?

A

removing an amino group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does deamination form?

A

often forms a keto acid and an ammonium ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

why is excess ammonia dangerous?

A 
depletes ketoglutarate which is used in Krebs cycle
increases level of glutamate
increases osmotic pressure
astrocytes swell
increases cranial pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how is ammonia produced?

A

deamination and gut bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how is ammonia removed from the body?

A

NH3 reduced to NH4

NH4 –> urea through urea cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is raised serum urea an indicator of?

A

renal failure bc urea is secreted into the kidneys

also could show there’s too much ammonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is plasma?

A

liquid component of blood- cell free

23
Q

what does plasma contain?

A

albumin, globulins, clotting factors, water, glucose and electrolytes

24
Q

where are most plasma proteins made?

A

in the liver

25
Q

what is blood serum?

A

blood without the clotting factors

26
Q

how are lipids transported?

A

lipoproteins

27
Q

what are lipoproteins?

A

arrangement of phospholipid layer with non-soluble material on the inside

28
Q

what can triglycerides be broken down into?

A

fatty acids and glycerol

29
Q

how can fatty acids be used?

A

to make acetyl coA –> respiration, cholesterol synthesis

30
Q

how can glycerol be used?

A

can be converted to glucose in gluconeogenesis

31
Q

what does the liver do with excess glucose?

A

excess glucose to fatty acids, synthesizes phospholipids and ketone bodies

32
Q

when does ketogenesis occur?

A

in the absence of glucose - switched off by insulin

33
Q

what does ketogenesis do?

A

breaks down lipids and proteins

fatty acids can then be converted to acetyl coA to produce ketone bodies

34
Q

what is bile?

A

emulsifier that dissolves fat

35
Q

what organ makes bile?

A

the liver

36
Q

where is bile stored?

A

the gall bladder

37
Q

which cells secrete bile?

A

hepatocytes in canaliculi

38
Q

what is bile made of?

A

water (>90%), bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol, fatty acids, lecithin, Na+/K+/Ca2+/Cl-

39
Q

what are cholangiocytes and what are their function?

A

epithelial cells of the bile ducts, can modify bile (production) by the addition of HCO3-

40
Q

what does CCK stimulate?

A

gall bladder contraction and sphincter of Oddi relaxation

41
Q

what stimulates the secretion of CCK?

A

in response to fatty acids being in the lumen of the duodenum

42
Q

what stimulates the secretion of secretin?

A

presence of acidic chime in duodenum

43
Q

what is formed when cholesterol is oxidised?

A

cholic acid and chenodeoxylic acid

44
Q

where are bile salts absorbed?

A

in the ileum

45
Q

if bile salts are not reabsorbed, where do they move?

A

to the colon

46
Q

what can bile salts in the colon cause?

A

diarrhea due to the increased oncotic pressure of bile salts in the lumen

47
Q

what is exogenous cholesterol?

A

cholesterol from the diet

48
Q

what is endogenous cholesterol?

A

cholesterol synthesised in the liver

49
Q

what effect do statins have on the endogenous products of cholesterol?

A

inhibit

50
Q

where are red blood cells broken down?

A

in the spleen

51
Q

what is haemoglobin broken down into?

A

heme and globin

52
Q

what does the non-heme part of haemoglobin turn into?

A

bilirubin

53
Q

what protein does bilirubin bind to?

A

albumin

54
Q

what is the cause of jaundice?

A

build up of bilirubin

metabolism (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions