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metabolism > glycolysis > Flashcards

glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

what is hypoglycaemia?

A

too little glucose in the blood

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2
Q

what is hyperglycaemia?

A

too much glucose in the blood

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3
Q

how much glucose is currently circulating in the blood?

A

4g

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4
Q

what % of blood glucose is used by the brain at rest?

A

60%

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5
Q

how many glucose transporters in the human genome?

A

14

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6
Q

what is Km?

A

the concentration at which something is saturated

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7
Q

where is GLUT1 found and what Km does it have?

A

found in all cells

low Km

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8
Q

where is GLUT2 found and what Km does it have?

A

found in liver and pancreas

high Km

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9
Q

why is it important that GLUT2 has a high Km?

A

Pancreas must detect glucose levels – if pancreas is easily saturated then it cannot detect high glucose levels.
Liver plays a role in glucose homeostasis – should be able to take up glucose when glucose levels are high

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10
Q

where is GLUT4 found and what Km does it have?

A

muscles and adipose tissue

Low Km

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11
Q

where is GLUT4 found in the cell?

A

in vesicles in the cytoplasm

fused with the membrane

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12
Q

what controls the location of GLUT4?

A

exercise and insulin

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13
Q

what effect does insulin have on GLUT4?

A

insulin causes GLUT4 to be recruited into the membrane

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14
Q

is hexokinase sensitive to feedback inhibition?

A

yes

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15
Q

is glucokinase sensitive to feedback inhibition?

A

no

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16
Q

how is glucokinase different to hexokinase?

A

glucokinase found in the liver and pancreas, hexo found everywhere else

gluco has a higher Km

gluco isn’t sensitive to feedback inhibition

17
Q

what controls the location of glucokinase and how?

A

GKRP
when glucose levels are low, glucokinase is bound to GKRP in the nucleus.
when glucose levels are high, glucokinase is released into the cytoplasm

18
Q

define isomerisation

A

rearranging the molecule to rearrange the energy

19
Q

is the conversion of Glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate reversible?

A

yes

20
Q

is fructose-6-phosphate –> fructose-1,6-bisphosphate reversible?

A

no

21
Q

how is fructose-6-phosphate –> fructose-1,6-bisphosphate controlled?

A

substrates - ATP:AMP ratio and citrate

phosphorylation of regulatory subunit

22
Q

what does phosphofructokinase 2 do?

A

acts on fructose-6-phosphate to form fructose-2,6-bisphosphate when the level of fructose-6-phosphate is too high

23
Q

how is NADH converted back to NAD in aerobic and anaerobic conditions?

A

aerobic - ETC

anaerobic - forming lactate from pyruvate using pyruvate dehydrogenate

24
Q

what pH is lactate?

A

acidic

25
Q

what happens if lactate builds up in the muscle?

A

causes muscle pain

26
Q

what happens in NADH builds up?

A

glycolysis stops bc limited amount of NAD

27
Q

where is glycerol metabolised?

A

liver

28
Q

how is glycerol metabolised in the liver?

A

Glycerol kinase converts glycerol –> glycerol 3P –> dihydroxyacetone phosphate

29
Q

what is the net ATP gain from glycerol?

A

2 ATPs per glycerol
but 1 is used
so net output is 1

30
Q

how can fructose feed into glycolysis?

A
  • metabolised by hexokinaseto form F6P
  • metabolised by fructokinase in the liver to make F1P. acted on by aldolose B to form glyceraldehyde (+dihydroxyacetone phosphate) to make G3P
31
Q

why is pentose phosphate important?

A

important in biosynthesis
creating NADPH from glucose-6-phosphate needed for fat and steroid hormone synthesis
nucleotide biosynthesis

32
Q

what are the products of the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

metabolism (23 decks)

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