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metabolism > histology of the gut > Flashcards

histology of the gut Flashcards

1
Q

name the functional compartments of the alimentary tract and their function

A

oral cavity - ingestion and fragmentation

simple passages (oesophagus and anus) - transport of food/waste

digestive tract (stomach and intestine) - digestion/absorption

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2
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the oral cavity?

A

stratified squamous

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3
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the simple passages?

A

stratified squamous

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4
Q

what makes up the digestive tract?

A

mucosal glands
accessory glands like pancreas and liver
enterocytes

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5
Q

describe the stages of absorbing nutrients from ingested food from top to bottom

A

fragmentation
digestion
absorption
elimination

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6
Q

where does fragmentation of food occur and what aids it?

A

oral cavity and stomach

aided by saliva from the salivary glands

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7
Q

where does digestion occur and what aids it?

A

starts in the stomach but continues down the duodenum

pancreatic enzymes, bile salts and brush border enzymes

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8
Q

where does absorption occur and what aids it?

A

mostly in the jejunum and the ileum

enterocytes absorb nutrients
capillaries and lacteals transport these from the mucosa

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9
Q

where does elimination occur?

A

colon and anal canal

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10
Q

where is water absorbed from liquid residue?

A

colon

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11
Q

where is solid faeces expelled from?

A

the anal canal

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12
Q

what are the four layers of the gut?

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis propria
adventitia/serosa

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13
Q

what are the layers of the mucosa?

A

epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae

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14
Q

what makes up the submucosa

A

a thick layer of fibrocollagenous tissue

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15
Q

what is a feature of the fibrocollagenous tissue?

A

shock absorbing

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16
Q

what does the submucosa carry?

A

vessels and nerves and the submucosal neural plexus

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17
Q

what are the layers of the muscular propria?

A

inner circular

outer longitudinal

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18
Q

where is adventitia found?

A

where the gut is retroperitoneal

most of the oesophagus
duodenum
ascending and descending colon
rectum

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19
Q

what gives input to the enteric nervous system?

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

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20
Q

what are the two plexuses of the enteric nervous system?

A

myenteric plexus

submucosal

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21
Q

what does the submucosal plexus innervate?

A

muscularis mucosae

mucosal glands

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22
Q

what does the myenteric plexus innervate?

A

muscularis propria

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23
Q

what does MALT stand for?

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

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24
Q

what does MALT contain?

A

intraepithelial lymphocytes
lymphocytes
plasma cells of the lamina propria - IgA production
lymphoid follicles

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25
Q

name the main structures of the alimentary tract

A 
mouth
oropharynx
oesophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
anus
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26
Q

what is the main function of the oesophagus?

A

transport of fragmented food

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27
Q

what does swallowing involve?

A

relaxation of cricopharyngeal part of inferior constrictor muscle

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28
Q

what mediates peristalsis?

A

smooth muscle

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29
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the mucosa of the oesophagus?

A

nonkeratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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30
Q

what does the submucosa of the oesophagus contain?

A

mucous glands
blood vessels
nerves and ganglion cells
lymphoid tissue

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31
Q

describe the parts of the muscularis propria of the oesophagus and their function

A

top 1/3 - skeletal for swallowing

bottom 1/3 - smooth for peristalsis

32
Q

what is the oesophagogastric junction?

A

the junction between the oesophagus and the stomach

33
Q

how does the mucosa change at the oesophagogastric junction?

A

goes from stratified squamous to simple columnar

34
Q

what is the function of the stomach?

A

acting in mechanical and chemical digestion

35
Q

what does glandular mucosa in the stomach do?

A

produce gastric juice which helps reduce contents to chyme

36
Q

what is the mucosa in the stomach covered in and why?

A

thick layer of mucous for protection from stomach acid

37
Q

what are the parts of the stomach?

A

cardia
funds
body
pylorus

38
Q

what are rugae?

A

ridges formed by the non-distended mucosa of the stomach

39
Q

which cells in the stomach secrete mucus?

A

columnar surface

mucous neck cells

40
Q

what substances are secreted into the stomach?

A

gastric acid
intrinsic factor
pepsinogen

41
Q

what regenerates epithelium?

A

stem cells

42
Q

how many layers to the muscularis propria in the stomach and what are they?

A

3
inner oblique
middle circular
outer longitduinal

43
Q

what is the pyloric sphincter?

A

thickening of the muscularis propria at the gastroduodenal junction

44
Q

what are the functions of the small intestine?

A

continues the digestion started in the stomach

absorbs molecules from digested food

45
Q

what are the parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum
jejenum
ileum

46
Q

what is the function of the duodenum?

A

digestion continues from the stomach

47
Q

what glands are found in the duodenum and what do they secrete?

A

Brunner’s glands in the submucosa

secrete alkaline mucus in response to luminal chyme

48
Q

what does the duodenum receive and what does it receive this from?

A

bile and pancreatic juice via the Ampulla of Vater

49
Q

what controls the Ampulla of Vater?

A

the Sphincter of Oddi

50
Q

what is the function of the jejunum?

A

most absorption occurs here

51
Q

what is the function of the ileum?

A

absorption

52
Q

how is the surface area for absorption increased in the small intestine?

A

plicae circulares
villi
microvilli

53
Q

what are plicae circulares?

A

circular folds in the submucosa in the jejunum and ileum

54
Q

what are vili?

A

extensions of the mucosa

55
Q

what is found at the base of vili?

A

the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn)

56
Q

what is the brush border?

A

the apical processes on cells

57
Q

what do microvilli do?

A

aids terminal digestion of proteins and carbohydrates

58
Q

what connective tissue is in the lamina propria of villi?

A

areolar connective tissue

59
Q

what is the function of enterocytes in the lining villus?

A

digestion using brush border enzymes and absorption

60
Q

what is the function of enterocytes in the crypts?

A

secretion of watery intestinal juice

61
Q

what is the function of goblet cells?

A

mucus secretion for protection/lubrication

62
Q

where are goblet cells found in the small intestine?

A

scattered along villus

63
Q

how does the distribution of goblet cells change along the digestive tract?

A

increase in numbers distally

64
Q

where are endocrine cells found in the small intestine?

A

crypt

65
Q

what is the function of endocrine cells?

A

regulation of gut function

secrete motilin

66
Q

what is the function of stem cells?

A

regeneration of epithelium

67
Q

where are stem cells found in the small intestine?

A

crypt

68
Q

where are paneth cells found in the small intestine?

A

crypt

69
Q

what is the function of paneth cells?

A

antimicrobial agents
defensives
lysozyme

70
Q

how is the large intestine specialised for its functions?

A

enterocytes - water and salt absorption

mucus secretion - abundant goblet cells

71
Q

where are villi found?

A

only in the small intestine

72
Q

what are the taenia coli?

A

3 longitudinal bundles of muscularis propria of the large intestine

73
Q

what are haustra?

A

small pouches of the colon

74
Q

what is sacculation?

A

sac formation

75
Q

what is the function of the taeniae coli?

A

act to sacculated the colon to form haustra

76
Q

why are the posterior aspects of the ascending and descending segments covered in adventitia?

A

bc they’re retroperitoneal

metabolism (23 decks)

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