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histology of the gut Flashcards

1
Q

name the functional compartments of the alimentary tract and their function

A

oral cavity - ingestion and fragmentation

simple passages (oesophagus and anus) - transport of food/waste

digestive tract (stomach and intestine) - digestion/absorption

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2
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the oral cavity?

A

stratified squamous

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3
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the simple passages?

A

stratified squamous

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4
Q

what makes up the digestive tract?

A

mucosal glands
accessory glands like pancreas and liver
enterocytes

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5
Q

describe the stages of absorbing nutrients from ingested food from top to bottom

A

fragmentation
digestion
absorption
elimination

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6
Q

where does fragmentation of food occur and what aids it?

A

oral cavity and stomach

aided by saliva from the salivary glands

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7
Q

where does digestion occur and what aids it?

A

starts in the stomach but continues down the duodenum

pancreatic enzymes, bile salts and brush border enzymes

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8
Q

where does absorption occur and what aids it?

A

mostly in the jejunum and the ileum

enterocytes absorb nutrients
capillaries and lacteals transport these from the mucosa

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9
Q

where does elimination occur?

A

colon and anal canal

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10
Q

where is water absorbed from liquid residue?

A

colon

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11
Q

where is solid faeces expelled from?

A

the anal canal

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12
Q

what are the four layers of the gut?

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis propria
adventitia/serosa

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13
Q

what are the layers of the mucosa?

A

epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae

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14
Q

what makes up the submucosa

A

a thick layer of fibrocollagenous tissue

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15
Q

what is a feature of the fibrocollagenous tissue?

A

shock absorbing

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16
Q

what does the submucosa carry?

A

vessels and nerves and the submucosal neural plexus

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17
Q

what are the layers of the muscular propria?

A

inner circular

outer longitudinal

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18
Q

where is adventitia found?

A

where the gut is retroperitoneal

most of the oesophagus
duodenum
ascending and descending colon
rectum

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19
Q

what gives input to the enteric nervous system?

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

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20
Q

what are the two plexuses of the enteric nervous system?

A

myenteric plexus

submucosal

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21
Q

what does the submucosal plexus innervate?

A

muscularis mucosae

mucosal glands

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22
Q

what does the myenteric plexus innervate?

A

muscularis propria

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23
Q

what does MALT stand for?

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

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24
Q

what does MALT contain?

A

intraepithelial lymphocytes
lymphocytes
plasma cells of the lamina propria - IgA production
lymphoid follicles

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25
name the main structures of the alimentary tract
``` mouth oropharynx oesophagus stomach small intestine large intestine anus ```
26
what is the main function of the oesophagus?
transport of fragmented food
27
what does swallowing involve?
relaxation of cricopharyngeal part of inferior constrictor muscle
28
what mediates peristalsis?
smooth muscle
29
what type of epithelium is found in the mucosa of the oesophagus?
nonkeratinised stratified squamous epithelium
30
what does the submucosa of the oesophagus contain?
mucous glands blood vessels nerves and ganglion cells lymphoid tissue
31
describe the parts of the muscularis propria of the oesophagus and their function
top 1/3 - skeletal for swallowing bottom 1/3 - smooth for peristalsis
32
what is the oesophagogastric junction?
the junction between the oesophagus and the stomach
33
how does the mucosa change at the oesophagogastric junction?
goes from stratified squamous to simple columnar
34
what is the function of the stomach?
acting in mechanical and chemical digestion
35
what does glandular mucosa in the stomach do?
produce gastric juice which helps reduce contents to chyme
36
what is the mucosa in the stomach covered in and why?
thick layer of mucous for protection from stomach acid
37
what are the parts of the stomach?
cardia funds body pylorus
38
what are rugae?
ridges formed by the non-distended mucosa of the stomach
39
which cells in the stomach secrete mucus?
columnar surface | mucous neck cells
40
what substances are secreted into the stomach?
gastric acid intrinsic factor pepsinogen
41
what regenerates epithelium?
stem cells
42
how many layers to the muscularis propria in the stomach and what are they?
3 inner oblique middle circular outer longitduinal
43
what is the pyloric sphincter?
thickening of the muscularis propria at the gastroduodenal junction
44
what are the functions of the small intestine?
continues the digestion started in the stomach absorbs molecules from digested food
45
what are the parts of the small intestine?
duodenum jejenum ileum
46
what is the function of the duodenum?
digestion continues from the stomach
47
what glands are found in the duodenum and what do they secrete?
Brunner's glands in the submucosa | secrete alkaline mucus in response to luminal chyme
48
what does the duodenum receive and what does it receive this from?
bile and pancreatic juice via the Ampulla of Vater
49
what controls the Ampulla of Vater?
the Sphincter of Oddi
50
what is the function of the jejunum?
most absorption occurs here
51
what is the function of the ileum?
absorption
52
how is the surface area for absorption increased in the small intestine?
plicae circulares villi microvilli
53
what are plicae circulares?
circular folds in the submucosa in the jejunum and ileum
54
what are vili?
extensions of the mucosa
55
what is found at the base of vili?
the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn)
56
what is the brush border?
the apical processes on cells
57
what do microvilli do?
aids terminal digestion of proteins and carbohydrates
58
what connective tissue is in the lamina propria of villi?
areolar connective tissue
59
what is the function of enterocytes in the lining villus?
digestion using brush border enzymes and absorption
60
what is the function of enterocytes in the crypts?
secretion of watery intestinal juice
61
what is the function of goblet cells?
mucus secretion for protection/lubrication
62
where are goblet cells found in the small intestine?
scattered along villus
63
how does the distribution of goblet cells change along the digestive tract?
increase in numbers distally
64
where are endocrine cells found in the small intestine?
crypt
65
what is the function of endocrine cells?
regulation of gut function | secrete motilin
66
what is the function of stem cells?
regeneration of epithelium
67
where are stem cells found in the small intestine?
crypt
68
where are paneth cells found in the small intestine?
crypt
69
what is the function of paneth cells?
antimicrobial agents defensives lysozyme
70
how is the large intestine specialised for its functions?
enterocytes - water and salt absorption | mucus secretion - abundant goblet cells
71
where are villi found?
only in the small intestine
72
what are the taenia coli?
3 longitudinal bundles of muscularis propria of the large intestine
73
what are haustra?
small pouches of the colon
74
what is sacculation?
sac formation
75
what is the function of the taeniae coli?
act to sacculated the colon to form haustra
76
why are the posterior aspects of the ascending and descending segments covered in adventitia?
bc they're retroperitoneal

metabolism (23 decks)

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