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metabolism > anterior abdominal wall > Flashcards

anterior abdominal wall Flashcards

1
Q

what are the layers of the abdominal wall?

A

external intercostal
internal intercostal
innermost intercostal

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2
Q

what are the main muscles of the abdominal wall

A

external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis
rectus abdominis

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3
Q

where does the external oblique run?

A

inferiorly and anteriorly until the aponeurosis

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4
Q

what is the aponeurosis

A

sheet of white fibrous tissue which takes the place of a tendon in sheet-like muscles

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5
Q

what is the most superficial abdominal muscle?

A

external oblique

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6
Q

where does the internal oblique run?

A

runs from ribs superiorly to iliac crest inferiorly

most middle layer

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7
Q

where does the rectus abdominis run?

A

from the xiphoid process to pubic synthesis

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8
Q

what causes the formation of a 6 pack in the rectus abdominis?

A

tendinous intersections

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9
Q

what is the linea alba?

A

fibrous section that runs down the midline the rectus abdominis

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10
Q

why does the aponeurosis attach to the linea alba?

A

no other points of bony attachment

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11
Q

what forms the rectus sheath?

A

formed by aponeurosis of the external oblique, internal oblique and transverse abdominis

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12
Q

what blood vessels innervate the abdominal wall?

A

internal thoracic arteries

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13
Q

what arteries does the internal thoracic arteries branch from?

A

subclavian

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14
Q

what do internal thoracic arteries turn into?

A

superior epigastric arteries

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15
Q

what do inferior epigastric arteries arise from?

A

external iliac artery

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16
Q

where is the inguinal ligament?

A

border between superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle

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17
Q

how is the inguinal ligament formed?

A

Aponeurosis of the external oblique (it’s inferior border) rolls under itself

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18
Q

what is found inside the inguinal canal?

A

femoral nerves, arteries and veins

also spermatic cord

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19
Q

where do the gonads develop before they descend?

A

abdominal wall

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20
Q

describe the route of descent of the testes?

A 
develop in abdomen wall
through pelvis
through abdomen wall
inguinal canals
scrotum
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21
Q

what is a hernia

A

protrusion of the peritoneum and viscera (e.g. small intestine) through an opening or weakness

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22
Q

what is the most common type of abdominal hernia?

A

inguinal hernia

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23
Q

where do inguinal hernias occur?

A

at some point along the inguinal canal

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24
Q

why do inguinal hernias occur mainly in males?

A

they have a larger inguinal canal

25
Q

what kind of hernias do women mainly get?

A

femoral hernias

26
Q

what is the major risk of hernias?

A

blood supply being cut off - strangulation

27
Q

what are the types of hernia and explain each?

A

direct - acquired, rarely enters scrotum

indirect - congenital, present from birth, commonly enters scrotum

28
Q

why do direct hernias mainly occur in middle aged men?

A

may have gained weight  more fat increases abdominal pressure

29
Q

how is the gut split?

A

foregut
midgut
hindgut

30
Q

what structures make up the foregut?

A

oesophagus, stomach, 1st part of the duodenum, liver pancreas and spleen

31
Q

what vessel supplies the foregut?

A

coeliac trunk

32
Q

when does the foregut become the midgut?

A

second part of duodenum

33
Q

what structures are found in the midgut?

A

caudal duodenum, small and large intestine up to splenic flexure

34
Q

what vessel supplies the midgut?

A

superior mesenteric artery

35
Q

when does the midgut become the hindgut?

A

two thirds along the way of the transverse colon

36
Q

what structures make up the hindgut?

A

splenic flexure, descending, sigmoid colon, rectum, upper anal canal

37
Q

what vessel supplies the hindgut?

A

inferior mesenteric artery

38
Q

what type of muscle makes up the oesophagus?

A

Upper 1/3 voluntary striated muscle

Lower 1/3 smooth muscle

39
Q

what are the constrictions of the oesophagus and where are they found?

A

cervical - UOS
thoracic - when aortic arch and left main bronchus cross over the oesophagus
diaphragmatic - when the oesophagus passes into the diaphragm

40
Q

where does the oesophagus enter the stomach?

A

cardinal orifice

41
Q

what innervates the stomach?

A

vagus nerve

42
Q

describe the structure and location of the upper oesophageal sphincter?

A

ring of skeletal circular muscle in the cricopharyngeus

found at the inferior border of the pharynx/superior border of the oesophagus

43
Q

why is the lower oesophageal sphincter a physiological sphincter?

A

no thickening of muscle

44
Q

what anatomical adaptations aid the lower oesophageal sphincter?

A

oesophagus enters the stomach at an acute angle

right crus of the diaphragm has a pinch-cock effect

45
Q

what is the right crus of the diaphragm?

A

one of the muscular attachments of the diaphragm to the lumbar vertebrae

46
Q

what are rugae?

A

folds of the stomach

47
Q

what is the oesophagogastric junction?

A

change in mucosa from stratified squamous to simple columnar/glandular mucosa

48
Q

what does the duodenum curve around?

A

the head of the pancreas

49
Q

what are the parts of the duodenum

A

1 – superior, 2 – descending, 3 – horizontal, 4 – ascending

50
Q

what feeds into the duodenum at the 2nd part?

A

bile duct and pancreatic duct

51
Q

what are plicae circulares?

A

folds of the duodenum

52
Q

where is the jejunum found?

A

left upper quadrant of the small intestine

53
Q

where is the ileum found?

A

right lower quadrant of the small intestine

54
Q

describe the differences between the jejunum and ileum

A

jejunum has
longer vasa recta
great vascularity
lots of plicae circularis

ileum has Peyer’s patches

55
Q

what are haustra?

A

outward bubbles of the large intestine wall

56
Q

what do haustra form?

A

semi lunar folds

57
Q

what are tenia coli?

A

bands of longitudinal muscle which run the length of the large intestine

58
Q

what are omental appendices?

A

fatty tags

59
Q

what is the most common position of the appendix?

A

retro-caecal

metabolism (23 decks)

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